Enhanced Antiobesity Efficacy of Tryptophan Using the Nanoformulation of Dendropanax morbifera Extract Mediated with ZnO Nanoparticle
<p>Preparation of DM-ZnO-tryptophan, oil in water nanoemulsion using the ultrasonication method.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>UV–Visible spectra of (<b>A</b>) DM-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with DM extract and (<b>B</b>) DM-ZnO-Try NE with standard tryptophan.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>FT IR spectra of tryptophan standard (yellow), DM-ZnO NPs (Red), DM-ZnO-Try NE (Green), and DM plant extract (Black).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Size distribution analysis using the dynamic light scattering (DLS) analyzer for (<b>A</b>) DM-ZnO NPs and (<b>B</b>) DM-ZnO-Try NE.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Size stability of DM-ZnO NPs and DM-ZnO-Try NE with the time factor.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>FE-TEM analysis of DM-ZnO nanoparticles, (<b>A</b>) multiple images at 200 nm bar range (no aggregation), (<b>B</b>) multiple images at 1µm bar range (no aggregation), (<b>C</b>) elemental mapping and DM-ZnO NPs, (<b>D</b>) multiple images for DM-ZnO-Try-NE at 200 nm range, (<b>E</b>) multiple images at 1 µm bar range (no aggregation), and (<b>F</b>) elemental mapping and of DM-ZnO-Try nanoemulsion.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>FE-SEM analysis of DM-ZnO nanoparticles exhibited spheroid shape in (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and DM-ZnO-Try nanoemulsion exhibited flower shape in (<b>D</b>,<b>E</b>). EDS analysis for DM-ZnO-NPs (<b>C</b>) and DM-ZnO-Try-NE (<b>F</b>).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>In vitro cytotoxicity analysis for DM extract, DM-ZnO-NPs and DM-ZnO-Try-NE, and Try in 3T3-L1 cell line (<b>A</b>) 3 h and (<b>B</b>) 24 h and raw cell line (<b>C</b>) 3 h and (<b>D</b>) 24 h. Each value is expressed as the mean ± standard error of three independent experiments. <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001 compared with control.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Trypan blue cell viability images for control, (S1) DM extract, (S2) DM-ZnO-NPs, (S3) DM-ZnO-Try–NE and (S4) Tryptophan at 10 µg/mL (<b>A</b>–<b>J</b>) and 12.5 µg/mL (<b>A1</b>–<b>J1</b>) for 3 h and 24 h time point at 20× magnification.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Cell differentiation of (<b>A</b>) control, (<b>B</b>) positive control, (<b>C</b>) DM extract, (<b>D</b>) DM-ZnO-NPs, (<b>E</b>) DM-ZnO-Try–NE, and (<b>F</b>) tryptophan at 10 µg/mL and at 20× magnification (<b>G</b>) OD measurements for lipid accumulation.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Materials
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. DM Extract Preparation
2.4. DM-ZnO NPs Synthesis from DM Extract
2.5. Synthesis of DM-ZnO-Try NE from DM-ZnO NPs
2.6. Characterization
2.7. In Vitro Cell Culture
2.7.1. Cell Cytotoxicity
2.7.2. Trypan Blue Cell Viability
2.7.3. 3T3-L1 Differentiation and Oil Red O Staining
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical Properties of the Synthesized Nanoformulation
3.2. UV–Vis Analysis
3.3. FT-IR Spectroscopic Analysis
3.4. Size Measurement Analysis and Surface Charge
3.5. Size Stability
3.6. FE-TEM, Elemental Mapping, and FE-SEM Analysis
3.7. In Vitro Cell Cytotoxicity Analysis
3.7.1. Effects of DM-ZnO-Try on 3T3-L1 and RAW 264.7 Cell Viability
3.7.2. Effect of DM-ZnO-Try on Intracellular Lipid Accumulation in 3T3-L1 Cells
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample (Name) | DM-ZnO NPs (Extract) (mg) | Olive Oil (%) | Tryptophan Drug (mg) | Surfactant (Tween 80) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | 75.0 | 10 | 25.0 | 3 |
S2 | 75.0 | 8 | 25.0 | 7 |
S3 | 75.0 | 5 | 25.0 | 10 |
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You, W.; Ahn, J.C.; Boopathi, V.; Arunkumar, L.; Rupa, E.J.; Akter, R.; Kong, B.M.; Lee, G.S.; Yang, D.C.; Kang, S.C.; et al. Enhanced Antiobesity Efficacy of Tryptophan Using the Nanoformulation of Dendropanax morbifera Extract Mediated with ZnO Nanoparticle. Materials 2021, 14, 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040824
You W, Ahn JC, Boopathi V, Arunkumar L, Rupa EJ, Akter R, Kong BM, Lee GS, Yang DC, Kang SC, et al. Enhanced Antiobesity Efficacy of Tryptophan Using the Nanoformulation of Dendropanax morbifera Extract Mediated with ZnO Nanoparticle. Materials. 2021; 14(4):824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040824
Chicago/Turabian StyleYou, Wenying, Jong Chan Ahn, Vinothini Boopathi, Lakshminarayanan Arunkumar, Esrat Jahan Rupa, Reshmi Akter, Byoung Man Kong, Geun Sik Lee, Deok Chun Yang, Se Chan Kang, and et al. 2021. "Enhanced Antiobesity Efficacy of Tryptophan Using the Nanoformulation of Dendropanax morbifera Extract Mediated with ZnO Nanoparticle" Materials 14, no. 4: 824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040824