Preliminary Characterization of Novel LDPE-Based Wear-Resistant Composite Suitable for FDM 3D Printing
<p>3D printout with possible anisotropy vs. friction direction.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The particle size distribution of the obtained glass powder (left) and the powder with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) granules (right).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Main dimensions of the melting area of the printer [<a href="#B21-materials-12-02520" class="html-bibr">21</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Composite filament microstructure: (<b>a</b>) LDPE15, (<b>b</b>) LDPE30.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Bonding between path layers in the 3D printout printed from the LDPE30 composite.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) plots of neat LDPE and the obtained composites.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>X-ray diffraction plot of neat LDPE and the obtained composites.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Illustration of filament buckling due to exceeding a printing speed of 3 mm/s.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Representative curves of changes of the friction coefficient determined for neat LDPE and for composites over a distance of 120 m, rotated relative to the friction direction by: (<b>a</b>) 0°, (<b>b</b>) 45°, (<b>c</b>) 90°.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Calculated specific wear rate for examined materials: neat LDPE and the composites.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>The idea of particle movement after it is separated from the matrix (marked with arrows)—in the three cases of printed paths directions vs. friction direction.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>SEM micrographs of surfaces after friction tests: (<b>a</b>) LDPE, (<b>b</b>) LDPE-15% vol. glass, and (<b>c</b>) LDPE 30% vol. glass. The test was performed at a 45° angle, and white arrows indicate areas of plastic deformation and delamination, while black arrows indicate the direction ("canals") of friction products removal.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>(<b>a</b>) Representative SEM micrograph of the LDPE-30% vol. glass composite surface after conducting a friction test with the corresponding energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) spectra (<b>b</b>) of stacked particles (white arrow). The black arrow indicates a microregion of plastic deformation.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Composites Characteristics
3.2. Feed Rate Calculation
3.3. Tribological Properties
- you can produce low-duty friction material from waste—waste glass was used in the work, but the LD-PE used as a matrix also can be a waste material, probably with the highest tonnage of all materials.
- the frictional properties of the soft (and cheap) polymer can be significantly improved by adding a relatively cheap reinforcing component.
- you can optimize the path layout in the FDM printed material so as to minimize frictional wear.
- simple and easily determinable coefficients (e.g., MFI) can be used to predict the technological properties of FDM-related materials, which can greatly simplify and speed up the procedure for implementing new printing materials.
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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LDPE0 | LDPE15 | LDPE30 | |
---|---|---|---|
Glass content, vol % | 0 | 15 | 30 |
Young’s Modulus [GPa] | 0.193 (0.010) | 0.208 (0.016) | 0.219 (0.007) |
Nozzle Diameter | Build Plate Temperature | Printing Temperature | Layer Thickness | Printing Speed | Printing Speed of the First Layer | Flow Rate | Cooling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 mm | 70 °C | 210 °C | 0.5 mm | 3 mm/s | 50% | 80% | none |
LDPE | |||||||
Load [g] | 1200 | 1400 | 1700 | 2000 | 2200 | 2400 | |
MFI [g/10 min] | 1.35 (0.07) | 1.63 (0.08) | 2.19 (0.11) | 2.97 (0.15) | 3.35 (0.17) | 3.6 (0.18) | |
LDPE15 | |||||||
Load [g] | 1200 | 1400 | 1700 | 2000 | 2200 | 2450 | |
MFI [g/10 min] | 1.30 (0.04) | 1.61 (0.05) | 2.18 (0.07) | 2.96 (0.10) | 3.42 (0.11) | 4.25 (0.14) | |
LDPE30 | |||||||
Load [g] | 1200 | 1450 | 1700 | 2000 | 2200 | 2450 | |
MFI [g/10 min] | 1.70 (0.11) | 1.93 (0.13) | 2.22 (0.07) | 2.98 (0.10) | 3.55 (0.14) | 4.28 (0.14) |
Parameter | LDPE0 | LDPE15 | LDPE30 |
---|---|---|---|
Flow rate Q [cm3/10 min] | 3.29 | 3.14 | 3.03 |
K [Pas] | n | Tm [K] | Tc [K] | ΔHm [J/g] | ΔHc [J/g] | χm% | χc% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LDPE0 | 4066 | 0.647 | 115.96 | 96.87 | 56.66 | 57.89 | 19.3 | 19.8 |
LDPE15 | 4563 | 0.601 | 115.97 | 98.1 | 56.13 | 55.44 | 23.6 | 23.5 |
LDPE30 | 4752 | 0.595 | 117.24 | 96.84 | 58.74 | 53.47 | 27.4 | 25 |
Parameter | LDPE0 | LDPE15 | LDPE30 |
---|---|---|---|
Solid density [kg/m3] | 902.04 | 942.70 | 983.45 |
Melt density [kg/m3] | 721.63 | 754.16 | 786.76 |
Young Modulus [GPa] | 0.200 | 0.208 | 0.219 |
km [W/m K] | 0.33 | 0.45 | 0.49 |
Cp [J/kg K] | 2300 | 2028 | 1899 |
Printing temperature [K] | 483 | 483 | 483 |
Nozzle length [mm] | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Nozzle angle [°] | 55 | 55 | 55 |
Nozzle diameter [mm] | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Distance between rollers and liquifier, Lf [mm] | 45 | 45 | 45 |
Critical pressure, Pcr [kPa] | 140.9 | 146.5 | 154.3 |
Property | LDPE0 | LDPE15 | LDPE30 |
---|---|---|---|
Melt thickness [µm] | 279.91 | 373.44 | 379.86 |
Feed rate [mm/s] | 0.72 | 0.83 | 0.89 |
Printing speed [mm/s] | 2.38 | 2.75 | 2.95 |
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Olesik, P.; Godzierz, M.; Kozioł, M. Preliminary Characterization of Novel LDPE-Based Wear-Resistant Composite Suitable for FDM 3D Printing. Materials 2019, 12, 2520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162520
Olesik P, Godzierz M, Kozioł M. Preliminary Characterization of Novel LDPE-Based Wear-Resistant Composite Suitable for FDM 3D Printing. Materials. 2019; 12(16):2520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162520
Chicago/Turabian StyleOlesik, Piotr, Marcin Godzierz, and Mateusz Kozioł. 2019. "Preliminary Characterization of Novel LDPE-Based Wear-Resistant Composite Suitable for FDM 3D Printing" Materials 12, no. 16: 2520. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162520