Study on the Stabilization of a New Type of Waste Solidifying Agent for Soft Soil
<p>Layered vibration tamping with the shaking table.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Sample after demolding.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Unconfined compressive strength test by triaxial shear tester.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>T-qu curves of the solidified clay under (<b>a</b>) 0.3, (<b>b</b>) 0.4, and (<b>c</b>) 0.5 of the water-binder ratio and (<b>d</b>) the comparison of cement and DGSC under 0.5 water-binder ratio.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Stress-strain relation curves of DGSC-solidified soil under (<b>a</b>) 8%, (<b>b</b>) 10%, (<b>c</b>) 12%, (<b>d</b>) 15%, and (<b>e</b>) 20% of the content.</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>Stress-strain relation curves of DGSC-solidified soil under (<b>a</b>) 8%, (<b>b</b>) 10%, (<b>c</b>) 12%, (<b>d</b>) 15%, and (<b>e</b>) 20% of the content.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>X-ray diffraction (XRD) diagrams of curing agents at different curing times.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of DGSC. (<b>a</b>) at 3 days (5k); (<b>b</b>) at 28 days (5k).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Relationship between the unconfined compressive strengths and the quasi-water-DGSC ratio.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Relationship between KE/K28 and curing time.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Comparison between the tested and predicted strengths.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Preparation Process
2.2.1. Unconfined Pressure Test Specimen Preparation
2.2.2. DGSC Curing Agent Micro Specimen Preparation
2.3. Test Methods
2.3.1. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test
2.3.2. SEM Test
2.3.3. Polycrystalline XRD Test
3. Test Results and Analysis
3.1. Change Law of the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Solidified Soil with Time
3.2. Stress-Strain Relationship of DGSC-Solidified Soil
3.3. DGSC Curing Mechanism Analysis
4. DGSC-Solidified Soil Strength Prediction
4.1. Relationship between the Water-Cement Ratio and the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Reinforced Soil
4.2. Relationship between the Consolidation Coefficient (KE) and the Curing Time for DGSC-Solidified Soil
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Van, D.B.; Ikpemo, O.C.; Ubachukwu, O.A.; van Nguyen, M. Assessment of rainstorm induced sediment deposition, gully development at Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria and the devastating effect on the environment. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2018, 10, 2018–2207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Van, D.B.; Van, M.N. Swelling potential, shrinkage and durability of cemented and uncemented lateritic soils treated with CWC base geopolymer. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Onwa, K.C.; Uwanuakwa, I. Predicting the behaviour of stabilized lateritic soils treated with green crude oil (GCO) by analysis of variance approaches. Int. J. Min. Geo-Eng. 2018, 53, 2018–2175. [Google Scholar]
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Onuoha, I.C.; Ikpemo, O.C.; Okafor, F.O.; Maduabuchi, M.N.; Kalu-Nchere, J.; Aguwa, P. Nanostructured clay (NC) and the stabilization of lateritic soil for construction purposes and the stabilization of lateritic soil for construction purposes. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 2017, 22, 2017–4196. [Google Scholar]
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Ubachukwu, O.A.; Ikpemo, O.C.; Okafor, F.O. Assessment of granular soil failure at the water borehole depth in South Eastern Nigeria bydiscrete and finite element methods. In Proceedings of the 1st GeoMEast International Congress and Exhibition, Elsheikh, Egypt, 15–19 July 2017; Shehata, H., Rashed, Y., Eds.; pp. 195–202. [Google Scholar]
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Ekwe, N.P.; Okafor, F.O.; Onuoha, I.C.; Maduabuchi, M.N.; Eze, G.T. Investigation of the stabilization potentials of nanosized-waste tyre ash(NWTA) as admixture with lateritic soil in Nigeria. Umudike J. Eng. Technol. 2017, 3, 2017–2035. [Google Scholar]
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Maduabuchi, M.N. Palm bunch management and disposal as solid waste and the stabilization of Olokoro lateritic soil for road construction purposes in Abia State, Nigeria. Int. J. Waste Resour. 2017, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onyelowe, K.C. Geosynthetics and geotechnical properties of soil in a developing country: A lesson for Nigeria. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 2011, 16, 1481–1487. [Google Scholar]
- Behzad, K.; Huat, B.B.K. Peat Soil Stabilization Sing Ordinary Portlandcement, Polypropylenefibers, and Air Curing Technique. Electron. J. Geotech. Eng. 2008, 13, 1–13. [Google Scholar]
- Van, D.B.; Onyelowe, K.C.; van Dang, P.; Hoang, D.; Thi, N.N.; Wu, W. Strength development of lateritic soil stabilized by local nanostructured ashes. In Proceedings of the China-Europe Conference on Geotechnical Engineering, SSGG, Vienna, Austria, 13–16 August 2018; pp. 782–786. [Google Scholar]
- Garg, S.K. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 6th ed.; Kharna Publishers: Delhi, India, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Onyelowe, K.C. Bearing capacity of footing on slope by variational calculus. Res. J. Eng. Appl. Sci. 2012, 1, 12–18. [Google Scholar]
- Onyelowe, K.C. Soil stabilization techniques and procedures; a clue for the developing world-Nigeria. Glob. J. Eng. Technol. 2012, 5, 2012–2069. [Google Scholar]
- Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2019; ASTM C618-19.
- Van Bui, D.; Onyelowe, K. Adsorbed complex and laboratory geotechnics of Quarry Dust (QD) stabilized lateritic soils. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2018, 10, 355–363. [Google Scholar]
- Onyelowe, K.C. Kaolin soil and its stabilization potentials as nanostructured cementitious admixture for geotechnics purposes. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, G.N.; Smith, I.G.N. Elements of Soil Mechanics, 7th ed.; Blackwell Science Inc.: Malden, MA, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, G.; Zhu, L.; Yu, C. Rheology properties of soils; a review, International Symposium on Resource Exploration and Environmental Science. Earth Environ. Sci. 2017, 64, 2017–2018. [Google Scholar]
- Srinivasan, K.; Sivakumar, A. Geopolymer binders: A need for future concrete construction. ISRN Polym. Sci. 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Van, D.B. Durability of nanostructured biomasses ash (NBA) stabilized expansive soils for pavement foundation. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onyelowe, K.C.; Van, D.B. Predicting subgrade stiffness of nanostructured palm bunch ash stabilized lateritic soil for transport geotechnics purposes. J. GeoEng. 2018, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onyelowe, K.C. Nanosized palm bunch ash (NPBA) stabilisation of lateritic soil for construction purposes. Int. J. Geotech. Eng. 2019, 13, 83–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Škvára, F.; Jílek, T.; Kopecky, L. Geopolymer materials based on fly ash. Ceram.-Silik. 2005, 49, 2005–2204. [Google Scholar]
- Gjorv, O.E. Alkali Activation of a Norwegian Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag. Special Publ. 1989, 114, 1501–1518. [Google Scholar]
- Philleo, R.E. Slag or Other Supplementary Materials? Special Publ. 1989, 114, 1197–1208. [Google Scholar]
- Roy, D.M. Alkali-activated cements opportunities and challenges. Cem. Concr. Res. 1999, 29, 249–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mithun, B.M.; Narasimhan, M.C.; Nitendra, P.; Ravishankar, A.U. Flexural fatigue performance of alkali activated slag concrete mixes incorporating copper slag as fine aggregate. Sel. Sci. Pap.-J. Civ. Eng. 2015, 10, 2015–2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Talling, B.; Krivenko, P. Blast Furnace Slag-the Ultimate Binder. In Waste Materials Used in Concrete Manufacturing; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1996; pp. 235–289. [Google Scholar]
- Palankar, N.; Ravishankar, A.; Mithun, B. Experimental investigation on aircured alkali activated ggbfs-fly ash concrete mixes. Int. J. Adv. Struct. Geotech. Eng. 2014, 326–332. [Google Scholar]
- Guo, J.; Bao, Y.; Wang, M. Steel slag in China: Treatment, recycling, and management. Waste Manag. 2018, 78, 2018–2330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreira, V.J.; Vilaplana, A.S.-D.-G.; García-Armingol, T.; Aranda-Usón, A.; Lausín-González, C.; López-Sabirón, A.M.; Ferreira, G. Evaluation of the steel slag incorporation as coarse aggregate for road construction: Technical requirements and environmental impact assessment. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 130, 2016–2186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, Y.; Ling, T.-C.; Shi, C.; Pan, S.-Y. Characteristics of steel slags and their use in cement and concrete—A review. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018, 136, 2018–2197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renaudin, G.; Filinchuk, Y.; Neubauer, J.; Goetz-Neunhoeffer, F. A comparative structural study of wet and dried ettringite. Cem. Concr. Res. 2010, 40, 2010–2375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Madzivire, G.; Petrik, L.F.; Gitari, W.M.; Ojumu, T.V.; Balfour, G. Application of coal fly ash to circumneutral mine waters for the removal of sulphates as gypsum and ettringite. Miner. Eng. 2010, 23, 2010–2257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, L.L.; Wang, P.M.; Zhang, G.F. Formation of ettringite in portland cement/calcium aluminate cement/calcium sulfate ternary system hydrates at lower temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 31, 2012–2352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Omine, K.; Ochiai, H.; Yasufuku, N.; Sakka, H. Prediction of strength-deformation properties of cement-stabilized soils by nondestructive testing. In Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Pre-failure Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, Torino, Italy, 28–30 September 1999; pp. 323–330. [Google Scholar]
- Consoli, N.C.; Rosa, D.A.; Cruz, R.C.; Dalla Rosa, A. Water content, porosity and cement content as parameters controlling strength of artificially cemented silty soil. Eng. Geol. 2011, 122, 328–333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakka, H.; Ochiai, H.; Yasufuku, N.; Omine, K.; Nakashima, M.A. nondestructive testing for evaluating the improvement effect of cement-stabilized soils. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lowland Technology, Saga, Japan, 21–23 June 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Sasanian, S.; Newson, T.A. Basic parameters governing the behaviour of cement-treated clays. Soils Found. 2014, 54, 209–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Chu, C.F.; Hong, Z.S.; Liu, S.Y.; Xu, T. Prediction of unconfined compressive strength of cemented soils with quasi-water-cement ratio. Rock Soil Mech. 2005, 26, 645–649. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, Y.X.; Nakabayashi, S.; Fujimura, H.; Hamafuku, K. Characteristics of cement treated soils as cast underwater. In Proceedings of the 33th Japan National Conference on Geotechnical Engineering, Tokyo, Japan, 8–10 July 1998; pp. 2319–2320. [Google Scholar]
- Sakka, H.; Ochiai, H.; Yasufuku, K.; Omine, K. Evaluation of the improvement effect of cement-stabilized soils with different cement-water ratios. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Lowland Technology, Saga, Japan, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Horpibulsuk, S.; Nagaraj, N.M.T.S. Analysis and Assessment of Engineering Behavior of Cement Stabilized Clays. Ph.D. Thesis, Saga University, Saga, Japan, 2001. [Google Scholar]
Waste Residue | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | MnO | P2O5 | SO3 | IL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS | 9.04 | 27.23 | 1.88 | 41.50 | 10.24 | 3.14 | 1.55 | - | 1.65 |
S | 32.30 | 0.20 | 14.30 | 39.00 | 7.70 | - | - | 1.00 | 1.89 |
DG | 1.50 | 0.29 | 0.80 | 41.40 | 0.12 | - | - | 55.43 | - |
Curing Agent | T/min | Average Compressive Strength (fc/MPa) | Average Flexural Strength (ff/MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Set | Final Set | 3d | 28d | 3d | 28d | |
Cement | 135 | 213 | 24.70 | 48.90 | 4.70 | 7.30 |
DGSC | 90 | 295 | 20.40 | 44.20 | 5.50 | 8.50 |
Soil Samples | Water Content/% | Pellet Specific Gravity (g/cm3) | Porosity Ratio | Liquid Limit (ωL/%) | Plastic Limit (ωP/%) | Plastic Index IP | Liquid Limit Index IL |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Muddy clay | 37 | 2.73 | 1.05 | 37.50 | 21.10 | 16.40 | 0.82 |
NO | DG/% | A/% Cement Clinker: Sulphoaluminate Mineral | S/% | SS/% |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1(12) | 1(2.50:2.50) | 1(30) | 53 |
2 | 1(12) | 2(2.78:2.22) | 2(35) | 48 |
3 | 1(12) | 3(2.22:2.78) | 3(40) | 43 |
4 | 2(15) | 1(2.50:2.50) | 2(35) | 45 |
5 | 2(15) | 2(2.78:2.22) | 3(40) | 40 |
6 | 2(15) | 3(2.22:2.78) | 1(30) | 50 |
7 | 3(18) | 1(2.50:2.50) | 3(40) | 37 |
8 | 3(18) | 2(2.78:2.22) | 1(30) | 47 |
9 | 3(18) | 3(2.22:2.78) | 2(35) | 42 |
NO | Stability | Standard Consistency (g) | T/min | Average Flexural Strength (ff/MPa) | Average Compressive Strength (fc/MPa) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial Set | Final Set | 3d | 28d | 3d | 28d | |||
1 | qualified | 148 | 110 | 380 | 3.07 | 6.85 | 11.69 | 25.50 |
2 | qualified | 147 | 98 | 310 | 3.67 | 8.00 | 14.92 | 43.14 |
3 | qualified | 146 | 90 | 270 | 3.97 | 7.75 | 14.92 | 38.39 |
4 | qualified | 147 | 125 | 404 | 4.20 | 8.10 | 14.75 | 37.44 |
5 | qualified | 144 | 85 | 290 | 5.07 | 8.40 | 17.02 | 44.54 |
6 | qualified | 148 | 130 | 355 | 1.87 | 5.63 | 7.23 | 27.15 |
7 | qualified | 142 | 93 | 315 | 5.13 | 8.43 | 16.12 | 41.72 |
8 | qualified | 147 | 125 | 410 | 3.90 | 7.90 | 12.56 | 41.25 |
9 | qualified | 146 | 135 | 415 | 4.00 | 7.72 | 12.63 | 35.39 |
Category | Incorporation Ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
8% | 10% | 12% | 15% | 20% | |
Dry soil (g) | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 | 700 |
Cured material (g) | 77 | 96 | 115 | 144 | 192 |
Water content (%) | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 | 37 |
Water (g) w/c = 0.3 | 282 | 288 | 294 | 302 | 317 |
Water (g) w/c = 0.4 | 290 | 297 | 305 | 317 | 336 |
Water (g) w/c = 0.5 | 297 | 307 | 317 | 331 | 355 |
Curing Agent | w/c | aw/% | qu7/kPa | qu14/kPa | qu28/kPa | qu60/kPa | qu90/kPa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DGSC | 0.3 | 15 | 146 | 1287 | 1944 | 2836 | 2999 |
0.4 | 15 | 127 | 962 | 1439 | 1825 | 2423 | |
0.5 | 15 | 111 | 897 | 1441 | 1600 | 1858 | |
Cement | 0.5 | 10 | 1006 | 1276 | 1335 | 1734 | 1748 |
15 | 1415 | 1822 | 2706 | 2854 | 3013 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Shen, J.; Xu, Y.; Chen, J.; Wang, Y. Study on the Stabilization of a New Type of Waste Solidifying Agent for Soft Soil. Materials 2019, 12, 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050826
Shen J, Xu Y, Chen J, Wang Y. Study on the Stabilization of a New Type of Waste Solidifying Agent for Soft Soil. Materials. 2019; 12(5):826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050826
Chicago/Turabian StyleShen, Jiansheng, Yidong Xu, Jian Chen, and Yao Wang. 2019. "Study on the Stabilization of a New Type of Waste Solidifying Agent for Soft Soil" Materials 12, no. 5: 826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050826