Analyzing Variations in Size and Intensities in Land Use Dynamics for Sustainable Land Use Management: A Case of the Coastal Landscapes of South-Western Ghana
<p>Location of AWMA on the coastal landscape of south-western Ghana.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Methodological flowchart for the LULCC and intensity analysis study.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Screenshots of land cover types used in the classification (clipped from google earth image, date: January 2020), (<b>a</b>) settlement, (<b>b</b>) rubber, (<b>c</b>) palm, (<b>d</b>) cropland, (<b>e</b>) forest, (<b>f</b>) shrubland, (<b>g</b>) waterbody, (<b>h</b>) wetland.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Land cover maps and percentage land share of each land cover types for the years 1986, 2002, 2015 and 2020.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Interval level intensities for 1986–2002, 2002–2015 and 2015–2020.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Category level intensities for (<b>a</b>) 1986–2002, (<b>b</b>) 2002–2015 and (<b>c</b>) 2015–2020.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Transition level intensities for rubber for the period (<b>a</b>) 1986–2002, (<b>b</b>) 2002–2015 and (<b>c</b>) 2015–2020 (gains on the right, losses on the left).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Transition level intensities for settlement for the period (<b>a</b>) 1986–2002, (<b>b</b>) 2002–2015 and (<b>c</b>) 2015–2020 (gains on the right, losses on the left).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Transition level intensities for cropland for the period (<b>a</b>) 1986–2002, (<b>b</b>) 2002–2015 and (<b>c</b>) 2015–2020 (gains on the right, losses on the left).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Transition level intensities for palm for the period (<b>a</b>) 1986–2002, (<b>b</b>) 2002–2015 and (<b>c</b>) 2015–2020 (gains on the right, losses on the left).</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Transition level intensities for shrub land for the period (<b>a</b>) 1986–2002, (<b>b</b>) 2002–2015 and (<b>c</b>) 2015–2020 (gains on the right, losses on the left).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Satellite Imagery Acquisition and Processing
2.3. Identification of Classification Scheme
2.4. Field Data Collection and Processing
2.5. Land Use/Land Cover Classification
2.6. Change Detection
2.7. Intensity Analysis in Land Cover Transitions
3. Results
3.1. Land Use/Land Cover Maps of AWMA for the Years 1986, 2002, 2015 and 2020
3.2. Changes in Land Cover Categories, Land Use Trends and Landscape Transitions in AWMA from 1986 to 2020
3.3. Intensity Analysis of Land Cover Transfers from 1986 to 2020 of AWMA
3.4. Researcher’s Observations and Stakeholders’ Perceptions on LULC Trends on the Study Landscape
4. Discussion
4.1. Land Use/Land Cover Category Mapping in the Structurally Complex Smallholder Mosaic Landscape
4.2. Changes in Landscape Composition and Drivers of Rapid Land Use Change
4.3. Intensity Analysis of the Structurally Complex Mosaic Landscape
4.4. Implications of the Rapid Land Use Change on the Study Landscape
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
2002 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1986 | Cropland | Forest | Palm | Rubber | Settlement | Shrubland | Waterbody | Wetland | Initial Total | Gross Loss | Net Change | ||
Cropland | 2147.31 | 31.50 | 2004.39 | 106.74 | 223.92 | 3060.81 | 4.32 | 120.96 | 7699.95 | 5552.64 | 2174.40 | ||
3.68 | 0.05 | 3.44 | 0.18 | 0.38 | 5.25 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 13.21 | 9.53 | 3.73 | |||
Forest | 134.10 | 5392.62 | 26.55 | 26.91 | 0.09 | 733.50 | 0.54 | 27.18 | 6341.49 | 948.87 | −677.70 | ||
0.23 | 9.25 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 10.88 | 1.63 | −1.16 | |||
Palm | 3176.46 | 123.48 | 6949.98 | 184.77 | 265.77 | 7835.13 | 7.02 | 323.64 | 18,866.25 | 11,916.27 | −4601.61 | ||
5.45 | 0.21 | 11.92 | 0.32 | 0.46 | 13.44 | 0.01 | 0.56 | 32.36 | 20.44 | −7.89 | |||
Rubber | 98.10 | 7.83 | 71.46 | 5453.01 | 49.14 | 138.51 | 1.80 | 26.28 | 5846.13 | 393.12 | 69.75 | ||
0.17 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 9.35 | 0.08 | 0.24 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 10.03 | 0.67 | 0.12 | |||
Settlement | 96.66 | 0.18 | 33.03 | 0.09 | 574.56 | 9.99 | 22.86 | 65.07 | 802.44 | 227.88 | 1064.97 | ||
0.17 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 1.38 | 0.39 | 1.83 | |||
Shrubland | 3934.53 | 90.09 | 5118.93 | 131.76 | 582.75 | 6705.63 | 1.98 | 254.88 | 16,820.55 | 10,114.92 | 1737.27 | ||
6.75 | 0.15 | 8.78 | 0.23 | 1.00 | 11.50 | 0.00 | 0.44 | 28.85 | 17.35 | 2.98 | |||
Waterbody | 2.79 | 0.45 | 0.00 | 8.91 | 75.96 | 0.63 | 196.83 | 70.02 | 355.59 | 158.76 | −74.97 | ||
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.34 | 0.12 | 0.61 | 0.27 | −0.13 | |||
Wetland | 284.40 | 17.64 | 60.30 | 3.69 | 95.22 | 73.62 | 45.27 | 981.18 | 1561.32 | 580.14 | 307.89 | ||
0.49 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 1.68 | 2.68 | 1.00 | 0.53 | |||
Final total | 9874.35 | 5663.79 | 14,264.64 | 5915.88 | 1867.41 | 18,557.82 | 280.62 | 1869.21 | 58,293.72 | ||||
16.94 | 9.72 | 24.47 | 10.15 | 3.20 | 31.84 | 0.48 | 3.21 | ||||||
Gross gains | 7727.04 | 271.17 | 7314.66 | 462.87 | 1292.85 | 11852.19 | 83.79 | 888.03 | |||||
13.26 | 0.47 | 12.55 | 0.79 | 2.22 | 20.33 | 0.14 | 1.52 |
2015 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2002 | Cropland | Forest | Palm | Rubber | Settlement | Shrubland | Waterbody | Wetland | Initial Total | Gross Loss | Net Change | |
Cropland | 4099.32 | 6.84 | 2047.86 | 600.39 | 482.31 | 2247.57 | 17.01 | 373.05 | 9874.35 | 5775.03 | 3474.45 | |
7.03 | 0.01 | 3.51 | 1.03 | 0.83 | 3.86 | 0.03 | 0.64 | 16.94 | 9.91 | 5.96 | ||
Forest | 21.96 | 5076.18 | 203.85 | 129.33 | 0.09 | 202.59 | 0.90 | 28.89 | 5663.79 | 587.61 | −446.13 | |
0.04 | 8.71 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 9.72 | 1.01 | −0.77 | ||
Palm | 4416.39 | 2.70 | 7654.14 | 572.13 | 332.28 | 1264.95 | 2.25 | 19.80 | 14,264.64 | 6610.50 | 3214.62 | |
7.58 | 0.00 | 13.13 | 0.98 | 0.57 | 2.17 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 24.47 | 11.34 | 5.51 | ||
Rubber | 49.59 | 4.23 | 49.41 | 5733.81 | 7.02 | 71.28 | 0.54 | 0.00 | 5915.88 | 182.07 | 3393.36 | |
0.09 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 9.84 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 10.15 | 0.31 | 5.82 | ||
Settlement | 288.63 | 0.00 | 14.67 | 14.13 | 1332.36 | 136.08 | 47.07 | 34.47 | 1867.41 | 535.05 | 414.63 | |
0.50 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 2.29 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 3.20 | 0.92 | 0.71 | ||
Shrubland | 4361.49 | 127.53 | 7499.70 | 2258.82 | 91.26 | 4132.53 | 2.43 | 84.06 | 18,557.82 | 14,425.29 | −9873.27 | |
7.48 | 0.22 | 12.87 | 3.87 | 0.16 | 7.09 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 31.84 | 24.75 | −16.94 | ||
Waterbody | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 0.09 | 0.54 | 62.73 | 178.92 | 37.17 | 280.62 | 101.70 | 20.52 | |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.31 | 0.06 | 0.48 | 0.17 | 0.04 | ||
Wetland | 110.43 | 0.18 | 9.45 | 0.54 | 36.18 | 566.82 | 52.02 | 1093.59 | 1869.21 | 775.62 | −198.18 | |
0.19 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0.09 | 1.88 | 3.21 | 1.33 | −0.34 | ||
Final total | 13,348.80 | 5217.66 | 17,479.26 | 9309.24 | 2282.04 | 8684.55 | 301.14 | 1671.03 | 58,293.72 | |||
22.90 | 8.95 | 29.98 | 15.97 | 3.91 | 14.90 | 0.52 | 2.87 | |||||
Gross gains | 9249.48 | 141.48 | 9825.12 | 3575.43 | 949.68 | 4552.02 | 122.22 | 577.44 | ||||
15.87 | 0.24 | 16.85 | 6.13 | 1.63 | 7.81 | 0.21 | 0.99 |
2020 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | Cropland | Forest | Palm | Rubber | Settlement | Shrubland | Waterbody | Wetland | Initial Total | Gross Loss | Net Change |
Cropland | 5705.46 | 3.78 | 740.25 | 2062.35 | 1387.98 | 3388.86 | 4.32 | 55.80 | 13,348.80 | 7643.34 | −386.37 |
9.79 | 0.01 | 1.27 | 3.54 | 2.38 | 5.81 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 22.90 | 13.11 | −0.66 | |
Forest | 33.39 | 5108.49 | 16.29 | 54.90 | 0.09 | 4.50 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5217.66 | 109.17 | 97.38 |
0.06 | 8.76 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 8.95 | 0.19 | 0.17 | |
Palm | 2820.69 | 71.01 | 10,105.83 | 2346.12 | 166.32 | 1961.10 | 0.18 | 8.01 | 17,479.26 | 7373.43 | −5987.70 |
4.84 | 0.12 | 17.34 | 4.02 | 0.29 | 3.36 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 29.98 | 12.65 | −10.27 | |
Rubber | 73.26 | 53.82 | 74.34 | 9075.42 | 19.89 | 12.15 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 9309.24 | 233.82 | 6630.30 |
0.13 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 15.57 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 15.97 | 0.40 | 11.37 | |
Settlement | 42.39 | 0.00 | 5.13 | 15.03 | 2072.16 | 134.19 | 8.64 | 4.50 | 2282.04 | 209.88 | 2130.84 |
0.07 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 3.55 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 3.91 | 0.36 | 3.66 | |
Shrubland | 3794.31 | 77.31 | 527.04 | 2322.99 | 626.31 | 1160.55 | 20.43 | 155.61 | 8684.55 | 7524.00 | −2008.26 |
6.51 | 0.13 | 0.90 | 3.98 | 1.07 | 1.99 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 14.90 | 12.91 | −3.45 | |
Waterbody | 6.93 | 0.27 | 0.54 | 1.53 | 62.28 | 1.35 | 206.73 | 21.51 | 301.14 | 94.41 | 19.98 |
0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.04 | 0.52 | 0.16 | 0.03 | |
Wetland | 486.00 | 0.36 | 22.14 | 61.20 | 77.85 | 13.59 | 80.55 | 929.34 | 1671.03 | 741.69 | −496.17 |
0.83 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 1.59 | 2.87 | 1.27 | −0.85 | |
Final total | 12,962.43 | 5315.04 | 11,491.56 | 15,939.54 | 4412.88 | 6676.29 | 321.12 | 1174.86 | 58,293.72 | ||
22.24 | 9.12 | 19.71 | 27.34 | 7.57 | 11.45 | 0.55 | 2.02 | ||||
Gross gains | 7256.97 | 206.55 | 1385.73 | 6864.12 | 2340.72 | 5515.74 | 114.39 | 245.52 | |||
12.45 | 0.35 | 2.38 | 11.78 | 4.02 | 9.46 | 0.20 | 0.42 |
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Data | Acquisition Date | No. of Bands | Spatial Resolution (m) |
---|---|---|---|
Landsat 5 (Thematic Mapper (TM) | 29 December 1986 | 7 | 30 |
Landsat 7 (Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM +) | 15 January 2002 | 8 | 30 |
Landsat 8 (Operational Land Imager (OLI) | 11 January 2015 | 11 | 30 |
Landsat 8 (Operational Land Imager (OLI) | 9 January 2020 | 11 | 30 |
LULC Types | Description |
---|---|
Settlement | Rural communities, residential areas, industrial areas, land covered with buildings, bare concrete grounds, roads and other man-made structures |
Rubber | Rubber (established plantations and outgrower smallholder plantations) |
Palm | Oil palm farms (smallholder* and large-scale plantations). Also included in this category are coconut farms * |
Cropland | Annual and biannual food-crop farms. Examples: plantain, cassava, cocoyam and vegetables |
Forest | Cape Three Points forest reserve |
Shrubland | Land areas with woody vegetation, including open areas, bushes and fallow lands. |
Waterbody | Rivers |
Wetlands | Wetlands and mangroves |
LULC Types | 1986 | 2002 | 2015 | 2020 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA% | UA% | PA% | UA% | PA% | UA% | PA% | UA% | |
Settlement | 100.00 | 90.91 | 100.00 | 96.97 | 93.33 | 100.00 | 96.67 | 98.31 |
Forest | 82.09 | 90.16 | 92.00 | 100.00 | 92.31 | 92.31 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Rubber | 83.33 | 82.19 | 87.18 | 94.44 | 92.39 | 90.43 | 88.64 | 91.76 |
Palm | 81.08 | 83.33 | 91.11 | 87.23 | 92.00 | 88.46 | 88.31 | 88.31 |
Wetland | 88.33 | 88.33 | 86.21 | 92.59 | 90.91 | 90.91 | 96.77 | 100.00 |
Shrub land | 80.46 | 81.40 | 80.00 | 72.73 | 86.27 | 83.02 | 92.59 | 90.36 |
Cropland | 85.11 | 81.63 | 85.07 | 86.36 | 90.52 | 95.45 | 89.69 | 87.00 |
Waterbody | 92.31 | 92.31 | 100.00 | 92.31 | 88.89 | 88.89 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Overall Accuracy | 84.81 | 88.58 | 90.84 | 92.56 | ||||
Kappa Coefficient | 0.82 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.91 |
Year | 1986 | 2002 | 2015 | 2020 | Percentage Change | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LULC Types | Ha | Ha | Ha | Ha | 1986–2002 | 2002–2015 | 2015–2020 | 1986–2020 |
Settlement | 802.44 | 1867.41 | 2282.04 | 4412.88 | 132.72 | 22.20 | 93.37 | 449.93 |
Forest | 6341.49 | 5663.79 | 5217.66 | 5315.04 | −10.69 | −7.88 | 1.87 | −16.19 |
Rubber | 5846.13 | 5915.88 | 9309.24 | 15,939.54 | 1.19 | 57.36 | 71.22 | 172.65 |
Palm | 18,866.25 | 14,264.64 | 17,479.26 | 11,491.56 | −24.39 | 22.54 | −34.26 | −39.09 |
Wetland | 1561.32 | 1869.21 | 1671.03 | 1174.86 | 19.72 | −10.60 | −29.69 | −24.75 |
Shrub land | 16,820.55 | 18,557.82 | 8684.55 | 6676.29 | 10.33 | −53.20 | −23.12 | −60.31 |
Cropland | 7699.95 | 9874.35 | 13,348.80 | 12,962.43 | 28.24 | 35.19 | −2.89 | 68.34 |
Waterbody | 355.59 | 280.62 | 301.14 | 321.12 | −21.08 | 7.31 | 6.63 | −9.69 |
Total | 58,293.72 | 58,293.72 | 58,293.72 | 58,293.72 |
2020 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1986 | Cropland | Forest | Palm | Rubber | Settlement | Shrubland | Waterbody | Wetland | Initial Total | Gross Loss | Net Change | |
Cropland | 2184.66 | 13.14 | 1599.66 | 1908.81 | 640.62 | 1280.79 | 7.38 | 64.89 | 7699.95 | 5515.29 | 5262.48 | |
3.75 | 0.02 | 2.74 | 3.27 | 1.10 | 2.20 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 13.21 | 9.46 | 9.03 | ||
Forest | 312.66 | 5225.49 | 204.66 | 452.34 | 2.88 | 130.77 | 1.17 | 11.52 | 6341.49 | 1116.00 | −1026.45 | |
0.54 | 8.96 | 0.35 | 0.78 | 0.00 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 10.88 | 1.91 | −1.76 | ||
Palm | 4972.59 | 53.46 | 6266.16 | 4188.24 | 1179.72 | 2076.66 | 3.06 | 126.36 | 18,866.25 | 12,600.09 | −7374.69 | |
8.53 | 0.09 | 10.75 | 7.18 | 2.02 | 3.56 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 32.36 | 21.61 | −12.65 | ||
Rubber | 125.91 | 3.96 | 54.90 | 5518.53 | 80.28 | 50.13 | 2.34 | 10.08 | 5846.13 | 327.60 | 10,093.41 | |
0.22 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 9.47 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 10.03 | 0.56 | 17.31 | ||
Settlement | 41.04 | 0.09 | 6.57 | 5.13 | 653.22 | 41.13 | 30.69 | 24.57 | 802.44 | 149.22 | 3610.44 | |
0.07 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 1.12 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 1.38 | 0.26 | 6.19 | ||
Shrubland | 4933.62 | 16.92 | 3335.40 | 3835.89 | 1512.18 | 3054.33 | 5.13 | 127.08 | 16,820.55 | 13,766.22 | −10,144.26 | |
8.46 | 0.03 | 5.72 | 6.58 | 2.59 | 5.24 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 28.85 | 23.62 | −17.40 | ||
Waterbody | 14.40 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 8.91 | 107.19 | 0.00 | 205.02 | 19.89 | 355.59 | 150.57 | −34.47 | |
0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.61 | 0.26 | −0.06 | ||
Wetland | 377.55 | 1.80 | 24.21 | 21.69 | 236.79 | 42.48 | 66.33 | 790.47 | 1561.32 | 770.85 | −386.46 | |
0.65 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 1.36 | 2.68 | 1.32 | −0.66 | ||
Final total | 12,962.43 | 5315.04 | 11,491.56 | 15,939.54 | 4412.88 | 6676.29 | 321.12 | 1174.86 | 58,293.72 | |||
22.24 | 9.12 | 19.71 | 27.34 | 7.57 | 11.45 | 0.55 | 2.02 | |||||
Gross gains | 10,777.77 | 89.55 | 5225.40 | 10,421.01 | 3759.66 | 3621.96 | 116.10 | 384.39 | ||||
18.49 | 0.15 | 8.96 | 17.88 | 6.45 | 6.21 | 0.20 | 0.66 |
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Asante-Yeboah, E.; Ashiagbor, G.; Asubonteng, K.; Sieber, S.; Mensah, J.C.; Fürst, C. Analyzing Variations in Size and Intensities in Land Use Dynamics for Sustainable Land Use Management: A Case of the Coastal Landscapes of South-Western Ghana. Land 2022, 11, 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060815
Asante-Yeboah E, Ashiagbor G, Asubonteng K, Sieber S, Mensah JC, Fürst C. Analyzing Variations in Size and Intensities in Land Use Dynamics for Sustainable Land Use Management: A Case of the Coastal Landscapes of South-Western Ghana. Land. 2022; 11(6):815. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060815
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsante-Yeboah, Evelyn, George Ashiagbor, Kwabena Asubonteng, Stefan Sieber, Justice C. Mensah, and Christine Fürst. 2022. "Analyzing Variations in Size and Intensities in Land Use Dynamics for Sustainable Land Use Management: A Case of the Coastal Landscapes of South-Western Ghana" Land 11, no. 6: 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060815