Offshore Fish Farms: A Review of Standards and Guidelines for Design and Analysis
<p>Diagram of coverage and noncoverage of classification rules for offshore fish farms.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Example of global performance analysis procedure.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Relationship between horizontal distance <italic>X</italic> and the corresponding tension components in quasi-static analysis [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23-jmse-11-00762">23</xref>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Relationship between horizontal distance X and the corresponding dynamic tension components in dynamic analysis.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Design criteria for offshore fish pens
- -
- Design life.
- -
- Design environmental loads: wave, current, wind conditions.
- -
- Combining environmental loads: for designing floating units, net and supporting system, and mooring system.
- -
- Miscellaneous load conditions.
- Global performance analysis and assessment
- -
- Hydrostatic analysis.
- -
- Hydrodynamic analysis: frequency domain analysis, time domain analysis.
- -
- Mooring system analysis: quasi-static method, dynamic method, mooring assessment for intact and damage cases.
2. Applicable Design Standards and Technical Guidance
2.1. Maritime Classification Rules and Standards
- ABS, Guide for building and classing, aquaculture installations [9].
- ABS-FPI, Rules for building and classing, floating production installations [10].
- ABS-OI, Rules for building and classing, facilities on offshore installations [11].
- ABS, Position mooring systems [12].
- DNV-RU-OU-0503, Rules for classification, offshore fish farming units and installations [13].
- DNV-ST-C502, Offshore concrete structures [14].
- DNV-OTG-24, Fish escape prevention from marine fish farms [15].
- DNV-OS-C101, Design of offshore steel structures, general—LRFD method [16].
- DNV-OS-C102, Offshore standard for structural design of offshore ships [17].
- DNV-OS-C103, Structural design of column stabilised units—LRFD method [18].
- DNV-OS-C106, Structural design of deep draught floating units—LRFD method [19].
- DNV-OS-C201, Offshore standard for structure design of offshore units—WSD method [20].
- DNV-RP-C205, Environmental conditions and environmental loads [21].
- DNV-RP-F205, Global performance analysis of deepwater floating structures [22].
- DNV-OS-E301, Offshore standard for position mooring [23].
- Fish farming hull structure.
- Mooring system and foundation.
- Onboard machinery, equipment, and systems that are not considered as aquaculture systems.
- Similarly, the DNV rule (DNV-RU-OU-0503) indicates a limited coverage, such as:
- Hull including superstructure.
- Crane pedestal.
- Attachments of helideck support structure.
- Structural interfaces between hull and components.
- Foundation and support for heavy equipment.
2.2. National and International Standards
- Norway Standard, NS 9415, Marine fish farms requirements for design, dimensioning, production, installation, and operation (inclusive Norway Standard, NS 3472, Steel Structures—Design rules) [28].
- Marine Scotland, A technical standard for Scottish finfish aquaculture [29].
- ISO 16488:2015, Marine finfish farms—open net cage-design and operation [30].
3. Design Criteria for Offshore Fish Farms
3.1. Design Life
3.2. Design Environmental Loads
3.2.1. Wave
- (a)
- First order forces at wave frequencies.
- (b)
- Second order forces at low frequencies.
- (c)
- Second order forces at high frequencies.
- (d)
- Mean drift force (steady component of the second order forces).
- (1)
- First order wave force (Linear wave force)
- (2)
- Second order wave force at low frequency
- (3)
- Second order wave force at high frequency
- (4)
- Mean drift force
3.2.2. Current
- Circulational + tidal components: m/s.
- Wind-induced component: m/s, where is the 10 min wind speed at 10 m above still water line.
3.2.3. Wind
- If wind force is considered as a steady force, the wind velocity based on 1 min average velocity is to be used to calculate the wind load.
- Effect of wind gust can be considered as a combination of steady load and a time-varying component calculated from an appropriate wind spectrum. In this approach, the wind velocity based on 1 h average velocity should be used for the steady wind load calculation.
Height above Water Line (m) | Ch | |
---|---|---|
1 min | 1 h | |
0.0–15.3 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
15.3–30.5 | 1.18 | 1.23 |
30.5–46.0 | 1.31 | 1.40 |
46.0–61.0 | 1.40 | 1.52 |
61.0–76.0 | 1.47 | 1.62 |
76.0–91.5 | 1.53 | 1.71 |
91.5–106.5 | 1.58 | 1.78 |
3.3. Combining Environmental Loads
3.3.1. Load Combination for Designing Floating Units
3.3.2. Load Combination for Designing Net and Supporting System
3.3.3. Load Combination for Designing Mooring System
- 100 year return period waves with associated wind and current.
- 100 year return period wind with associated waves and current.
- 100 year return period current with associated waves and wind.
3.4. Miscellaneous Load Conditions
- Mass of marine growth is determined by:
- Submerged weight of marine growth is given by:
- Drag coefficient due to marine growth is estimated by:
Stud Chain | Studless Chain | Stranded Rope | Spiral Rope without Sheathing | Spiral Rope with Sheathing | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CD | 2.6 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.2 |
4. Global Performance Analysis Procedures and Methods
- Motions of the floating fish farming installation in six degrees of freedom.
- Mooring line tensions, including the maximum and minimum tensions and fatigue loads for mooring component design.
- Critical global forces and moments, or equivalent design wave heights and periods as appropriate for the hull structural analysis.
- Hull hydrodynamic pressure loads for global structural analysis.
- Accelerations for the determination of inertia loads.
- Hydrodynamic analysis for large bodies based on radiation/diffraction theory using panel models.
- The Morison equation for slender members, external hull appurtenances, and viscous hull drag with well documented drag coefficients Cd and inertia coefficients Cm.
- Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) or model test to determine hydrodynamic loads and coefficients on some innovative or unconventional structural components.
4.1. Hydrostatic Analysis
- Vertical, longitudinal, and transverse centre of gravity.
- Vertical, longitudinal, and transverse centre of buoyancy.
- Mass displacement.
- Volume displacement.
- Waterplane area and metacentric radius.
- Metacentric height.
4.2. Hydrodynamic Analysis
4.2.1. Frequency Domain Analysis
- Peak period in wave spectrum.
- Location of natural periods.
- Geometrical considerations (diameters of columns, spacing between columns, wave headings, etc.).
4.2.2. Time Domain Analysis
4.3. Mooring System Analysis
4.3.1. Quasi-Static Method
- The displacement of the upper end (i.e., fairlead) point of the mooring line due to the floating unit’s motions.
- The weight and buoyancy of the mooring line components.
- The elasticity of the mooring line components.
- Reaction and friction forces from the seabed.
- (1)
- : The mean line tension due to pre-tension, and mean environmental loads caused by static wind, current, and mean wave drift forces.
- (2)
- : The dynamic line tension induced by low-frequency and wave-frequency motions.
- (1)
- : The mean horizontal offset of the upper end point of the mooring line from the anchor.
- (2)
- : The standard deviation of horizontal, low-frequency motion of the upper end point in the mean mooring line direction.
- (3)
- : The standard deviation of horizontal, wave-frequency motion of the upper end point in the mean mooring line direction.
- (a)
- Define the mooring geometry and mooring excursion/force equations.
- (b)
- Apply the mean environmental force to the system and calculate the excursion (offset).
- (c)
- Apply the periodic wave forces and response amplitude to the system.
- (d)
- Calculate the line tensions resulting from this maximum excursion.
- (e)
- Compare the line tensions with the minimum breaking load of the riser components.
- (f)
- Calculate the maximum peak anchor loads for each riser and direction.
- (g)
- Introduce a safety factor (generally 2.0) when calculating the line strengths.
- (h)
- Recalculate the maximum peak line loads with one line broken, or after a line failure.
- (i)
- If the proposed mooring specification fails the safety factor test, then try a new specification.
4.3.2. Dynamic Method
- Hydrodynamic drag forces acting on the mooring line components.
- Inertia forces acting on the mooring line components, including any buoyancy elements.
- On the other hand, the BV rule for fish farms [24] indicates that a dynamic approach can account for all relevant time varying and nonlinear effects, including:
- Time varying effects of the wave and wind exciting force (wave and wind spectra).
- Damping effects on the fish farm.
- Nonlinear restoring forces of the anchoring lines.
4.3.3. Mooring Assessment
- Class 1: where mooring system failure is unlikely to lead to unacceptable consequences, such as loss of life, collision with an adjacent platform, uncontrolled outflow of oil or gas, capsize or sinking (assumed no fish in the pen when the pen is dormant and being cleaned at a service draft).
- Class 2: where mooring system failure may well lead to unacceptable consequences (assumed fish onboard when the pen is under a normal operation).
5. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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ABS | DNV | BV | |
---|---|---|---|
Types |
|
|
|
Types | DNV’s Design Codes | ABS’s Design Codes |
---|---|---|
Ship-shaped | DNV-OS-C101, C102 | ABS-FPI Section 5A-1-4, 5A-1-5 |
Column-stabilized | DNV-OS-C101, C103, C201 | ABS-FPI Section 5B-1-1, 5B-1-2 |
Spar/Deep draught | DNV-OS-C101, C106 | ABS-FPI Section 5B-3-1, 5B-3-3, 5B-3-4 |
Return Period (Year) | 1 | 10 | 50 | 100 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Multiplication factor | 1.40 | 1.65 | 1.85 | 2.00 |
Shape | Cs |
---|---|
Sphere | 0.4 |
Cylindrical | 0.5 |
Condition | Combined Environmental Loads According to Return Period (Year) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wind | Waves | Current | Sea Level | ||
Strength | A | 100 | 100 | 10 | 100 |
B | 10 | 10 | 100 | 100 | |
Accidental * | ≥1 | ≥1 | ≥1 | ≥1 |
Combination | Return Period (Year), Environmental Load | ||
---|---|---|---|
Current | Wind | Wave | |
Manned floating fish farms | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Unmanned floating fish farms | 50 | 50 | 50 |
Combination | Return Period (Year), Environmental Load | ||
---|---|---|---|
Current | Wind | Wave | |
1 | Min. 50 | 10 | 10 |
2 | Min. 10 | 100 | 100 |
Combination | Return Period (Year), Environmental Load | |
---|---|---|
Current | Wave | |
1 | 50 | 10 |
2 | 10 | 50 |
Combination | Return Period (Year), Environmental Load | ||
---|---|---|---|
Wind | Wave | Current | |
ULS and ALS | Min. 100 | Min. 100 | Min. 100 |
For Norway and UK sectors and some extratropical locations | 100 | 100 | 10 |
Assessment | Consequence Class | Type of Analysis | Partial Safety Factor on Mean Tension (γmean) | Partial Safety Factor on Dynamic Tension (γdyn) |
---|---|---|---|---|
ULS | 1 | Dynamic | 1.10 | 1.50 |
2 | Dynamic | 1.40 | 2.10 | |
1 | Quasi-static | 1.70 | ||
2 | Quasi-static | 2.50 | ||
ALS | 1 | Dynamic | 1.00 | 1.10 |
2 | Dynamic | 1.00 | 1.25 | |
1 | Quasi-static | 1.10 | ||
2 | Quasi-static | 1.35 |
Design Condition | Type of Analysis | |
---|---|---|
Quasi-Static | Dynamic | |
All intact (ULS) | 2.7 | 2.25 |
One broken line at new equilibrium position (ALS) | 1.8 | 1.57 |
One broken line in transition (ALS) | 1.4 | 1.22 |
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Share and Cite
Chu, Y.-I.; Wang, C.-M.; Zhang, H.; Abdussamie, N.; Karampour, H.; Jeng, D.-S.; Baumeister, J.; Aland, P.A. Offshore Fish Farms: A Review of Standards and Guidelines for Design and Analysis. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11, 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040762
Chu Y-I, Wang C-M, Zhang H, Abdussamie N, Karampour H, Jeng D-S, Baumeister J, Aland PA. Offshore Fish Farms: A Review of Standards and Guidelines for Design and Analysis. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2023; 11(4):762. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040762
Chicago/Turabian StyleChu, Yun-Il, Chien-Ming Wang, Hong Zhang, Nagi Abdussamie, Hassan Karampour, Dong-Sheng Jeng, Joerg Baumeister, and Per Arild Aland. 2023. "Offshore Fish Farms: A Review of Standards and Guidelines for Design and Analysis" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 4: 762. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040762