The Impact of Activated Carbon–MexOy (Me = Bi, Mo, Zn) Additives on the Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of the Ammonium Nitrate–Magnesium–Nitrocellulose Composite
<p>DSC curve of an AN–Mg–NC basic composite heated at <span class="html-italic">β</span> = 5 K/min.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>DSC curves of (<b>a</b>) AN–Mg–NC–AC; (<b>b</b>) AN–Mg–NC–AC–Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>; (<b>c</b>) AN–Mg–NC–AC–MoO<sub>3</sub>; (<b>d</b>) AN–Mg–NC–AC–ZnO composites heated at <span class="html-italic">β</span> = 5 K/min.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Kissinger plot of the basic AN–Mg–NC composite.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Kissinger plot of the AN–Mg–NC–AC composite.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Kissinger plot of the AN–Mg–NC–AC–Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> composite.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Kissinger plot of the AN–Mg–NC–AC–MoO<sub>3</sub> composite.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Kissinger plot of the AN–Mg–NC–AC–ZnO composite.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Equipment
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Oxygen Balance Calculation
2.3.2. Activation Energy Calculations via the Kissinger Method
3. Results
3.1. Oxygen Balance Calculations
3.2. Thermal Decomposition Characteristics from DSC Analysis
3.3. Kinetics via the Kissinger Method
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Composite Components (n) | Mass Ratio (mn) | Molecular Weight (MW, g/mol) | Oxygen Content (OC, g/mol) |
---|---|---|---|
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) | 80% | 80.0 | 48.0 |
Magnesium (Mg) | 5% (10% *) | 24.3 | 0.0 |
Nitrocellulose (NC) | 5% (10% *) | 297.0 | 112.0 |
Additive (n) | |||
Activated Carbon (AC) | 5% | 12.0 | 0.0 |
Bismuth (III) oxide (Bi2O3) | 5% | 465.9 | 48.0 |
Molybdenum (VI) oxide (MoO3) | 5% | 143.9 | 48.0 |
Zinc oxide (ZnO) | 5% | 81.4 | 16.0 |
Composite | Total Oxygen Content (OCtotal, kg) | Total Fuel Content (FCtotal) | Oxygen Balance (OB) |
---|---|---|---|
AN–Mg–NC | 0.517 | 0.162 | +3.27% |
AN–Mg–NC–AC | 0.499 | 0.150 | +3.95% |
AN–Mg–NC–AC–Bi2O3 | 0.504 | 0.150 | +3.14% |
AN–Mg–NC–AC–MoO3 | 0.515 | 0.150 | +4.61% |
AN–Mg–NC–AC–ZnO | 0.508 | 0.150 | +3.94% |
Tmax, K | 1/Tmax | Heating Rate (β), K/min | ln (β/(Tmax)2) |
---|---|---|---|
534.58 | 0.00187 | 5 | −12.37 |
549.20 | 0.00182 | 10 | −12.34 |
556.20 | 0.00180 | 15 | −12.32 |
567.71 | 0.00176 | 20 | −12.30 |
From Kissinger Plot | |||
Slope: | −11,910.06 | ||
Intercept: | 11.36 | ||
Ea: | 99.02 kJ/mol |
Tmax, K | 1/Tmax (K−1) | Heating Rate (β), K/min | ln (β/(Tmax)2) |
---|---|---|---|
490.15 | 0.00204 | 5 | −10.78 |
512.17 | 0.00197 | 10 | −10.17 |
514.12 | 0.00194 | 15 | −9.77 |
522.18 | 0.00191 | 20 | −9.52 |
From Kissinger Plot | |||
Slope: | −9818.63 | ||
Intercept: | 9.21 | ||
Ea: | 93.63 kJ/mol |
Tmax, K | 1/Tmax (K−1) | Heating Rate (β), K/min | ln (β/(Tmax)2) |
---|---|---|---|
490.76 | 0.002038 | 5 | −10.78 |
511.59 | 0.001974 | 10 | −10.17 |
513.82 | 0.001946 | 15 | −9.77 |
518.33 | 0.001929 | 20 | −9.59 |
From Kissinger Plot | |||
Slope: | −10,001.74 | ||
Intercept: | 11.58 | ||
Ea: | 91.45 kJ/mol |
Tmax, K | 1/Tmax | Heating Rate (β), K/min | ln (β/(Tmax)2) |
---|---|---|---|
492.17 | 0.002032 | 5 | −10.78 |
511.60 | 0.001967 | 10 | −10.17 |
515.72 | 0.001939 | 15 | −9.78 |
520.63 | 0.001921 | 20 | −9.51 |
From Kissinger Plot | |||
Slope: | −10,023.35 | ||
Intercept: | 11.55 | ||
Ea: | 91.65 kJ/mol |
Tmax, K | 1/Tmax | Heating Rate (β), K/min | ln (β/(Tmax)2) |
---|---|---|---|
492.38 | 0.002031 | 5 | −10.77 |
510.99 | 0.001966 | 10 | −10.11 |
516.23 | 0.001937 | 15 | −9.78 |
521.11 | 0.001919 | 20 | −9.51 |
From Kissinger Plot | |||
Slope: | −10,038.08 | ||
Intercept: | 11.58 | ||
Ea: | 91.76 kJ/mol |
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Yelemessova, Z.; Yerken, A.; Zhaxlykova, D.; Milikhat, B. The Impact of Activated Carbon–MexOy (Me = Bi, Mo, Zn) Additives on the Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of the Ammonium Nitrate–Magnesium–Nitrocellulose Composite. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8, 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100420
Yelemessova Z, Yerken A, Zhaxlykova D, Milikhat B. The Impact of Activated Carbon–MexOy (Me = Bi, Mo, Zn) Additives on the Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of the Ammonium Nitrate–Magnesium–Nitrocellulose Composite. Journal of Composites Science. 2024; 8(10):420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100420
Chicago/Turabian StyleYelemessova, Zhanerke, Ayan Yerken, Dana Zhaxlykova, and Bagdatgul Milikhat. 2024. "The Impact of Activated Carbon–MexOy (Me = Bi, Mo, Zn) Additives on the Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of the Ammonium Nitrate–Magnesium–Nitrocellulose Composite" Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 10: 420. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100420