Transformation of Biomass Power Plant Ash into Composite Fertilizers: A Perspective to Prepare a Rain-Controlled Ammonium Ion–Releasing Composite Fertilizer
"> Figure 1
<p>XRD of the biomass power plant ash (BPPA) made by the combustion of willow.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>A screw-supplied tube reactor to neutralize biomass power plant ash with sulfuric acid. Annotations: 1—Motor; 2—Console; 3—Clutch; 4—Sealing; 5—Trough; 6—Lid; 7—Insert; 8—Bearing; 9—Axle.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The XRD of NPG made from PBF and a concentrated ammonium nitrate solution.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>IR spectra of BPPA (a); sulfuric acid-treated/calcium carbonate neutralized (b) and ammonium nitrate solution absorbed (c) composites in the 900 and 1600 cm<sup>−1</sup> region.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The morphology of a sulfuric acid-treated and CaCO<sub>3</sub>-neutralized BPPS sample.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The morphology of the ammonium nitrate solution-treated sample prepared from BPPA with sulfuric acid/calcium carbonate treatment. EDS measurements were performed from the area that is annotated with orange square.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>The dependence of ammonium ion release from NPG fertilizer as a function of water amo unt (rain or irrigation).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Reaction between Sulfuric Acid and Biomass Power Plant Ash
3.2. The Phase Composition of the Biomass Power Plant Ash and Sulfuric Acid Reaction Product and Its Transformations with Concentrated Ammonium Nitrate Solutions
4. Conclusions
- The biomass power plant ash, which contained mainly carbonate components, was mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid without any chemical reaction. The protonation-driven carbonic acid evolution was available by controlled adding of water, optionally under pressure, to form a paste-like consistency material containing carbon dioxide bubbles without foam formation. The dwelled paste-like material releases carbon dioxide during drying or depressurizing when a strongly porous solid material is formed.
- The reaction products of ash and sulfuric acid in the reaction route described in point 1 were mainly syngenite and polyhalite. These are valuable, slow-releasing, slightly soluble fertilizer materials. The phase identities were assigned by IR and PXRD, and SEM results of the product were also given.
- The sponge-like solid composites formed in the reaction route described in point 1 may be reacted with concentrated ammonium nitrate solution (a cheap intermediate of crystalline ammonium nitrate fertilizer production), which ensures a safe possibility of adding various metal-containing additives, which cannot be performed in the usual ammonium nitrate melt technologies.
- The ammonium nitrate solution reacts with the syngenite content of the composite prepared in the reaction route described in point 1 when ammonium calcium sulfate was formed, which is an excellent slow-releasing ammonium-ion source for soils. It is slightly soluble, so the water content (irrigation, rain) controls its dissolution. The reaction is probably a solid–liquid interaction when the solid syngenite acts as an ion exchanger, and a surface ammonium ion-enriched koktaite formation was found. The phase identities were also assigned by IR and PXRD, and SEM results of the product were also given.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CaCO3 (g) | CaSO4·5H2O (g) | H2SO4 (g) | Bulk Density, g/mL | Mechanical Strength | Water Absorption Capacity, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 4 | 0.46 | weak | 118 |
0 | 2 | 8 | 0.87 | weak | 55 |
2 | 0 | 4 | 0.60 | weak | 99 |
2 | 0 | 8 | 0.68 | weak | 83 |
4 | 0 | 4 | 0.57 | weak | 93 |
4 | 0 | 8 | 0.78 | Very weak | 74 |
CaCO3 (g) | CaSO4·5H2O (g) | H2SO4 (g) | Density, g/mL | Mechanical Strength | Water Absorption Capacity, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 2 | 8 | 0.87 | medium | 56 |
0 | 2 | 16 | 1.56 | medium | 27 |
2 | 0 | 16 | 0.60 | strong | 73 |
4 | 0 | 16 | 0.77 | Very strong | 61 |
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Kótai, L.; Windisch, M.; Béres, K.A. Transformation of Biomass Power Plant Ash into Composite Fertilizers: A Perspective to Prepare a Rain-Controlled Ammonium Ion–Releasing Composite Fertilizer. J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8, 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090336
Kótai L, Windisch M, Béres KA. Transformation of Biomass Power Plant Ash into Composite Fertilizers: A Perspective to Prepare a Rain-Controlled Ammonium Ion–Releasing Composite Fertilizer. Journal of Composites Science. 2024; 8(9):336. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090336
Chicago/Turabian StyleKótai, László, Márk Windisch, and Kende Attila Béres. 2024. "Transformation of Biomass Power Plant Ash into Composite Fertilizers: A Perspective to Prepare a Rain-Controlled Ammonium Ion–Releasing Composite Fertilizer" Journal of Composites Science 8, no. 9: 336. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8090336