Association between Fish Consumption during Pregnancy and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Statistical Study in Southern Italy
<p>Women included according to fish type consumption.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Neonatal weight, neonatal head circumference and maternal differential body mass index according to maternal consumption of fish by type. Values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Clinical Variables According to the Fish Type Consumption
3.2. Neonatal Outcomes
3.3. Maternal Outcomes
Maternal Outcomes: Differential Body Mass Index
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All | Fish Consumers | Non-Fish Consumers | Type A | Type B | Type C | Type D | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 248) | (n = 230) | (n = 18) | (n = 65) | (n = 63) | (n = 71) | (n = 31) | |
Age (years) | 31.7 ± 5.5 | 31.8 ± 5.3 | 31.9 ± 6.1 | 31.0 ± 5.8 | 32.2 ± 5.6 | 32.1 ± 5.4 | 31.4 ± 5.9 |
BMI at the beginning of pregnancy (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 4.8 | 23.9 ± 4.8 | 24.9 ± 5.1 | 24.3 ± 5.1 | 24.4 ± 5.0 | 23.9 ± 4.9 | 24.3 ± 5.5 |
BMI at the end of pregnancy (kg/m2) | 28.7 ± 4.6 | 28.6 ± 4.5 | 29.9 ± 5.3 | 29.1 ± 4.6 | 28.8 ± 4.5 | 28.3 ± 4.6 | 29.1 ± 5.0 |
Duration of pregnancy (days) | 272.2 ± 19.2 | 272.1 ± 19.9 | 273.4 ± 11.9 | 272.8 ± 11.8 | 271.9 ± 23.7 | 271.4 ± 22.8 | 271.3 ± 28.2 |
1st minute Apgar score | 8.8 ± 1.0 | 8.9 ± 1.0 | 8.7 ± 1.2 | 8.8 ± 1.0 | 8.9 ± 0.9 | 8.8 ± 0.9 | 8.8 ± 1.1 |
5th minute Apgar score | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 9.7 ± 0.5 | 9.5 ± 0.7 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 9.8 ± 0.5 | 9.7 ± 0.6 | 9.8 ± 0.5 |
NW (mm) | 3174.2 ± 472.6 | 3179.1 ± 459.2 | 3131.2 ± 588.6 | 3178.6 ± 448.8 | 3197.2 ± 464.9 | 3163.3 ± 461.3 | 3180.5 ± 399.5 |
NL (mm) | 48.4 ± 2.7 | 48.4 ± 2.7 | 49.1 ± 2.8 | 48.4 ± 2.6 | 48.5 ± 3.1 | 48.4 ± 2.6 | 48.3 ± 1.9 |
NHC (mm) | 33.9 ± 2.0 | 33.9 ± 2.0 | 34.3 ± 1.7 | 33.8 ± 1.3 | 33.9 ± 2.3 | 33.7 ± 2.3 | 33.8 ± 1.4 |
Preterm birth | 22 (8.9%) | 20 (8.7%) | 2 (11.1%) | 5 (7.7%) | 5 (7.9%) | 7 (9.8%) | 3 (9.7%) |
Gestational diabetes | 13 (5.2%) | 11 (4.8%) | 2 (11.1%) | 4 (6.2%) | 2 (3.2%) | 4 (5.26) | 1 (3.2%) |
Gestational hypertion | 10 (4%) | 6 (2.6%) | 4 (22.2%) | 2 (3.1%) | 1 (1.6%) | 2 (2.8%) | 1 (3.2%) |
Cesarean section | 11 (44.8%) | 101 (43.9%) | 10 (55.5%) | 30 (46.2%) | 27 (42.8%) | 31 (43.7%) | 13 (41.9%) |
Threats of abortion | 36 (14.5%) | 33 (14.3%) | 3 (16.7%) | 8 (12.3%) | 11 (17.6%) | 8 (11.3%) | 6 (19.4%) |
Monthly fish consumption: | |||||||
Never | 18 (7.3%) | 0 (0%) | 18 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Occasionally (1–4 times a month) | 40 (16.1%) | 40 (17.4%) | 0 (0%) | 13 (15.6%) | 7 (11.1%) | 14 (19.7%) | 6 (19.4%) |
Regularly (5–8 times a month) | 144 (58.1%) | 144 (62.6%) | 0 (0%) | 37 (57%) | 45 (71.4%) | 41 (57.7%) | 21 (67.7%) |
Frequently (>8 times a month) | 46 (18.5%) | 46 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (27.4%) | 11 (17.5%) | 16 (22.5%) | 4 (12.9%) |
Independent Variables | NW | NHC | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% C.I. for B | p-Value | B | 95% C.I. for B | p-Value | |||
Age (years) | 7.47 | 1.76 | 14.70 | 0.392 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.083 |
BMI at the end of pregnancy (kg/m2) | 12.41 | 4.77 | 29.58 | 0.155 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.055 |
Duration of pregnancy (days) | 1.69 | 1.30 | 5.30 | 0.035 | 1.02 | 0.94 | 1.27 | 0.057 |
Preterm birth | −0.15 | −0.60 | −0.09 | 0.015 | −0.39 | −1.40 | 0.61 | 0.437 |
Gestational diabetes | 158.72 | 108.64 | 202.08 | 0.361 | 0.32 | 0.07 | 1.31 | 0.520 |
Gestational hypertension | 14.06 | 3.78 | 58.89 | 0.535 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 1.83 | 0.592 |
Threats of abortion | 9.00 | 1.77 | 23.96 | 0.939 | −0.02 | −0.68 | −0.06 | 0.953 |
Monthly fish consumption | 21.15 | 5.42 | 18.12 | 0.155 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.406 |
Type A fish consumption | 105.16 | 69.95 | 280.26 | 0.236 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.584 |
Type B fish consumption | 210.63 | 119.92 | 301.35 | 0.031 | 0.70 | 0.15 | 1.25 | 0.013 |
Type C fish consumption | 76.20 | 41.04 | 153.44 | 0.396 | 0.47 | 0.20 | 0.94 | 0.072 |
Type D fish consumption | 57.70 | 33.28 | 120.89 | 0.523 | 0.48 | 0.20 | 0.74 | 0.070 |
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | OR | 95% C.I. for OR | p-Value | |
Age (years) | 1.02 | 0.91 | 1.14 | 0.750 |
BMI at baseline (kg/m2) | 1.04 | 0.92 | 1.16 | 0.545 |
Type A fish consumption | 1.11 | 0.33 | 3.76 | 0.871 |
Type B fish consumption | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.78 | 0.021 |
Type C fish consumption | 2.30 | 0.66 | 7.98 | 0.190 |
Type D fish consumption | 0.64 | 0.16 | 2.54 | 0.529 |
Gestational hypertension | ||||
Age (years) | 1.03 | 0.87 | 1.22 | 0.717 |
BMI at baseline (kg/m2) | 1.46 | 1.22 | 1.74 | 0.013 |
Type A fish consumption | 0.84 | 0.14 | 5.00 | 0.850 |
Type B fish consumption | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.010 |
Type C fish consumption | 1.03 | 0.18 | 5.75 | 0.974 |
Type D fish consumption | 0.97 | 0.14 | 6.70 | 0.979 |
Pre-term birth | ||||
Age (years) | 0.90 | 0.77 | 1.05 | 0.188 |
BMI at baseline (kg/m2) | 1.12 | 0.95 | 1.32 | 0.184 |
Type A fish consumption | 0.29 | 0.05 | 1.82 | 0.188 |
Type B fish consumption | 0.22 | 0.02 | 1.96 | 0.174 |
Type C fish consumption | 1.91 | 0.38 | 9.54 | 0.429 |
Type D fish consumption | 0.80 | 0.13 | 4.69 | 0.800 |
Cesarean section | ||||
Age (years) | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 0.132 |
BMI at baseline (kg/m2) | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.13 | 0.023 |
Type A fish consumption | 1.14 | 0.66 | 1.99 | 0.641 |
Type B fish consumption | 0.54 | 0.31 | 0.94 | 0.029 |
Type C fish consumption | 1.38 | 0.81 | 2.37 | 0.241 |
Type D fish consumption | 1.09 | 0.62 | 1.89 | 0.772 |
Threats of abortion | ||||
Age (years) | 0.92 | 0.83 | 1.02 | 0.144 |
BMI at baseline (kg/m2) | 0.81 | 0.69 | 0.96 | 0.015 |
Type A fish consumption | 0.84 | 0.29 | 2.41 | 0.749 |
Type B fish consumption | 0.79 | 0.26 | 2.09 | 0.078 |
Type C fish consumption | 0.52 | 0.18 | 1.51 | 0.232 |
Type D fish consumption | 1.14 | 0.40 | 3.28 | 0.797 |
Variables | B | 95% C.I. for B | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | −0.01 | −0.05 | 0.04 | 0.833 |
Duration of pregnancy (days) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.112 |
Preterm birth | −0.36 | −1.32 | 0.60 | 0.461 |
Gestational diabetes | −1.06 | −2.06 | −0.06 | 0.038 |
Gestational hypertension | 0.48 | −1.28 | 2.23 | 0.592 |
Threats of abortion | 0.63 | −0.10 | 1.37 | 0.092 |
Monthly fish consumption | −0.01 | −0.12 | 0.10 | 0.883 |
Type A fish consumption | 0.20 | −0.34 | 0.74 | 0.464 |
Type B fish consumption | −0.61 | −1.15 | −0.06 | 0.029 |
Type C fish consumption | −0.33 | −0.86 | 0.19 | 0.213 |
Type D fish consumption | 0.22 | −0.32 | 0.76 | 0.432 |
Groups | Correlation Test |
---|---|
Fish consumers | r = −0.038 |
p = 0.574 | |
Type A fish consumption | r = −0.019 |
p = 0.831 | |
Type B fish consumption | r = −0.222 |
p = 0.010 | |
Type C fish consumption | r = −0.049 |
p = 0.557 | |
Type D fish consumption | r = −0.025 |
p = 0.824 |
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Alibrandi, A.; Zirilli, A.; Le Donne, M.; Giannetto, C.; Lanfranchi, M.; De Pascale, A.; Politi, C.; Incognito, G.G.; Ercoli, A.; Granese, R. Association between Fish Consumption during Pregnancy and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Statistical Study in Southern Italy. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072131
Alibrandi A, Zirilli A, Le Donne M, Giannetto C, Lanfranchi M, De Pascale A, Politi C, Incognito GG, Ercoli A, Granese R. Association between Fish Consumption during Pregnancy and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Statistical Study in Southern Italy. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024; 13(7):2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072131
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlibrandi, Angela, Agata Zirilli, Maria Le Donne, Carlo Giannetto, Maurizio Lanfranchi, Angelina De Pascale, Chiara Politi, Giosuè Giordano Incognito, Alfredo Ercoli, and Roberta Granese. 2024. "Association between Fish Consumption during Pregnancy and Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes: A Statistical Study in Southern Italy" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 7: 2131. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13072131