The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety Symptoms in Informal Carers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
<p>PRISMA flow diagram of the review process.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Forest plot for perceived social support and anxiety symptoms in informal carers [<a href="#B25-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">25</a>,<a href="#B42-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">42</a>,<a href="#B43-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">43</a>,<a href="#B44-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">44</a>,<a href="#B45-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">45</a>,<a href="#B46-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">46</a>,<a href="#B47-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">47</a>,<a href="#B48-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">48</a>,<a href="#B49-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">49</a>,<a href="#B50-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">50</a>,<a href="#B52-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">52</a>,<a href="#B54-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">54</a>,<a href="#B55-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">55</a>,<a href="#B56-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">56</a>,<a href="#B57-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">57</a>,<a href="#B58-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">58</a>,<a href="#B59-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">59</a>,<a href="#B60-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">60</a>,<a href="#B61-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">61</a>,<a href="#B62-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">62</a>,<a href="#B63-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">63</a>,<a href="#B64-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">64</a>,<a href="#B65-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">65</a>,<a href="#B66-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">66</a>,<a href="#B67-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">67</a>,<a href="#B68-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">68</a>,<a href="#B69-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">69</a>,<a href="#B70-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">70</a>,<a href="#B71-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">71</a>,<a href="#B72-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">72</a>,<a href="#B73-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">73</a>,<a href="#B74-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">74</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Funnel plot for perceived social support and anxiety symptoms in informal carers.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Forest plot of the association of received social support and caregiver anxiety symptoms [<a href="#B51-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">51</a>,<a href="#B53-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">53</a>,<a href="#B68-jcm-12-01244" class="html-bibr">68</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Social Support and Caregiving
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Eligibility Criteria
2.4. Data Extraction and Synthesis
2.5. Quality Assessment
2.6. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Search Results
3.2. Description of Included Studies
3.3. Quality Assessment
3.4. Results of the Meta-Analysis
3.4.1. Perceived Social Support
3.4.2. Received Social Support
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Social Support | |
CPASS | Cancer Perceived Agents of Social Support |
DSSI-Short | Duke Social Support Index (short version) |
DUKE-UNC | Duke-UNK functional social support questionnaire |
ESSS | Satisfaction with Social Support Scale |
ISEL | Interpersonal Support Evaluation List |
MG-SS | Social support subscale of the McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire |
MSPSS | Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support |
MOS-SS | Medical Outcomes Study—Social Support Scale |
OSS-3 | Oslo Social Support Scale |
SSL-12-I | Social Support List—Interaction |
SSSQ | Sarason Social Support Questionnaire |
SSSS | Satisfaction with Social Support Scale |
TBI-CareQOL | Social support factor of the Traumatic Brain Injury Caregiver Quality of Life |
Anxiety | |
BAI | Beck Anxiety Inventory |
BSI | Brief Symptom Inventory |
DASS | Depression Anxiety Stress Scale |
EADS | Anxiety, Depression and Stress Scale |
GAD | Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment |
GAS | Goldberg Anxiety Scale |
HADS | Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale |
HARS | Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale |
IDA | Irritability, Depression, and Anxiety Scale |
SCID | Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV |
POMS | Profile of Mood States |
SAS | Self-Rating Anxiety Scale |
STAI | State Trait Anxiety Inventory |
TBI-CareQOL | Anxiety factor of the Traumatic Brain Injury Caregiver Quality of Life |
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Studies (Author, Year) Country | n | Measure of Social Support | Measure of Anxiety | Design | Care Recipients |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ali, 2016 [42] Pakistan | 90 | MSPSS | DASS | Cross-sectional | Stroke |
Ar, 2017 [43] Turkey | 190 | MSPSS | STAI | Cross-sectional | Dementia |
Bonsu, 2019 [44] Ghana | 100 | MSPSS | BAI | Cross-sectional | Severe burns injury |
Cabral, 2014 [45] Portugal | 104 | ESSS | EADS | Cross-sectional | Mental illness |
Costa, 2020 [26] Portugal | 110 | SSSS | DASS | Cross-sectional | Diabetes |
Crespo López, 2005 [46] Spain | 66 | SSSQ | HADS | Cross-sectional | Dementia and older people without dementia |
Cumming, 2008 [47] Australia | 174 | MOS-SS | IDA | Cross-sectional (1) | Stroke |
Durkin, 2010 [48] U.S.A. | 130 | ISEL-6 | STAI | Repeated measures | Frail older adults |
Giovannetti, 2015 [49] Italy | 129 | MOS-SS | STAI | Cross-sectional | Disorders of consciousness |
Götze, 2016 [50] Germany | 72 | OSS-3 | HADS | Repeated measures | Cancer |
Hasson-Ohayon, 2010 [51] Israel | 150 | CPASS | BSI | Cross-sectional | Cancer |
Jeong, 2017 [52] South Korea | 52 | DUKE-UNC | HADS | Cross-sectional | Cancer |
Kruithof, 2016 [53] Netherlands | 183 | SSL-12-I | HADS | Repeated measures | Stroke |
Kuscu, 2009 [54] Turkey | 51 | MSPSS | STAI | Cross-sectional | Cancer |
Leibach, 2013 [55] Mexico | 81 | ISEL-12 | STAI | Cross-sectional | Multiple sclerosis |
López-Martínez, 2019 [56] Spain | 81 | DUKE-UNC | GAS | Repeated measures | Frail older adults |
Manso Martínez, 2012 [57] Spain | 88 | DUKE-UNC | HADS | Cross-sectional | Frail older adults |
Moral Serrano, 2003 [58] Spain | 215 | DUKE-UNC | GAS | Cross-sectional | Frail older adults |
Pagnini, 2010 [59] Italy | 40 | MG-SS | STAI | Cross-sectional | Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
Pearce, 2006 [60] U.S.A. | 162 | ISEL | SCID | Cross-sectional | Cancer |
Raad, 2020 [61] U.S.A. | 558 | TBI-CareQOL | TBI- CareQOL | Cross-sectional | Traumatic brain injury |
Raveis, 2000 [62] U.S.A. | 164 | ISEL | STAI | Cross-sectional | Cancer |
Rivera-Navarro, 2018 [63] Spain | 326 | DUKE-UNC | HADS | Cross-sectional | Dementia |
Rodi, 2015 [64] U.S.A. | 87 | MOS-SS | BAI | Cross-sectional | Cancer |
Serrano-Ortega, 2018 [65] Spain | 177 | DUKE-UNC | GAS | Repeated measures | Frail older adults |
Shaughnessy, 2011 [66] Canada | 60 | MOS-SS | STAI | Cross-sectional | Mild cognitive impairment |
Shi, 2020 [67] China | 693 | MSPSS | SAS | Cross-sectional | Frail older adults |
Shu, 2017 [68] Australia | 193 | DSSI-Short | GAS | Cross-sectional | Frail older adults |
Shukri,2020 [69] Malaysia | 340 | MSPSS | HADS | Cross-sectional | Haemodialysis patients |
Stevens, 2013 [70] Mexico | 90 | ISEL | STAI | Cross-sectional | Traumatic brain injury |
Tyler, 2020 [71] Mexico | 253 | ISEL | GAD | Cross-sectional | Parkinson’s disease |
Vazquez Mata, 2018 [72] Mexico | 47 | DUKE-UNC | HADS | Cross-sectional (1) | Cancer |
Verez Cotelo, 2015 [73] Spain | 25 | DUKE-UNC | STAI | Cross-sectional | Dementia |
Wooden, 2012 [74] U.S.A. | 22 | MSPSS | POMS | Cross-sectional | Dementia |
Studies | Probabilistic Sampling | Reliability and Validity of Measures (Mandatory) | Control of Confounders | Absence of Attrition |
---|---|---|---|---|
Ali, 2016 [42] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Ar, 2017 [43] | - | + | ? | N/A |
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Cabral, 2014 [45] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Costa, 2020 [26] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Crespo López, 2005 [46] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Cumming, 2008 [47] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Durkin, 2010 [48] | - | + | ? | + |
Giovannetti, 2015 [49] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Götze, 2016 [50] | - | + | - | N/A |
Hasson-Ohayon, 2010 [51] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Jeong, 2017 [52] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Kruithof, 2016 [53] | - | + | ? | + |
Kuscu, 2009 [54] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Leibach, 2013 [55] | - | + | - | N/A |
López-Martínez, 2019 [56] | + | + | + | + |
Manso Martínez, 2012 [57] | - | + | + | N/A |
Moral Serrano, 2003 [58] | - | + | - | N/A |
Pagnini, 2010 [59] | - | + | + | N/A |
Pearce, 2006 [60] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Raad, 2020 [61] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Raveis, 2000 [62] | - | + | - | N/A |
Rivera-Navarro, 2018 [63] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Rodi, 2015 [64] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Serrano-Ortega, 2018 [65] | + | + | + | + |
Shaughnessy, 2011 [66] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Shi, 2020 [67] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Shu, 2017 [68] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Shukri,2020 [69] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Stevens, 2013 [70] | - | + | + | N/A |
Tyler, 2020 [71] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Vazquez Mata, 2018 [72] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Verez Cotelo, 2015 [73] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Wooden, 2012 [74] | - | + | ? | N/A |
Studies | Samples | n | Mean per Sample | r | 95% CI | I2 | Publication Bias | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | Funnel Plot | Egger’s Test p-Value | Trim and Fill | ||||||||
Estimate | Variation | |||||||||||
Perceived social support | 32 | 32 | 4970 | 155.3 | −0.31 | −0.35 | −0.27 | 6.5% | Asymmetric | 0.65 | −0.31 | 0.0 |
Received social support | 3 | 3 | 526 | 397.4 | −0.15 | −0.22 | −0.08 | 0% | Asymmetric | 0.4 | −0.15 | 0.0 |
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Priego-Cubero, E.; Orgeta, V.; López-Martínez, C.; del-Pino-Casado, R. The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety Symptoms in Informal Carers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031244
Priego-Cubero E, Orgeta V, López-Martínez C, del-Pino-Casado R. The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety Symptoms in Informal Carers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023; 12(3):1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031244
Chicago/Turabian StylePriego-Cubero, Emilia, Vasiliki Orgeta, Catalina López-Martínez, and Rafael del-Pino-Casado. 2023. "The Relationship between Social Support and Anxiety Symptoms in Informal Carers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, no. 3: 1244. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12031244