Exogenous Application of Amino Acids Alleviates Toxicity in Two Chinese Cabbage Cultivars by Modulating Cadmium Distribution and Reducing Its Translocation
<p>Effect of Met, Cys, Thr, and Asp on Chinese cabbage (Jingcui 60 and 16-7) growth (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and root length (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Effect of Met, Cys, Thr, and Asp on Chinese cabbage (Jingcui 60 and 16-7) shoot weight (g plant<sup>−1</sup> DW) (<b>A</b>), root weight (g plant<sup>−1</sup> DW) (<b>B</b>), root-to-shoot ratio (<b>C</b>), and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values (<b>D</b>) under 5 μM Cd stress. Each value represents the mean ± SD (n = 3). Letters a–c indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05. ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test used for the parametric analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between two groups: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Effects of Met, Cys, Thr, and Asp applications on the Cd concentration (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and the root:shoot ratio (<b>C</b>) in two Chinese cabbage cultivars under 5 μM Cd stress. Each value is the mean ± SD (n = 3). Letters a-c indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05. ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the parametric analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between two groups: ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Effect of Met, Cys, Thr, and Asp applications on the subcellular distribution of Cd in the shoot (<b>A</b>,<b>C</b>,<b>E</b>) and root (<b>B</b>,<b>D</b>,<b>F</b>). “nd” indicates "not detected". Leaf60 refers to the leaf of the Jingcui 60 cultivar, Leaf16 refers to the leaf of the 16-7 cultivar, Root60 refers to the root of the Jingcui 60, and Root16 refers to the root of the 16-7 cultivar. Plant cells were separated into cell wall fraction (Fcw), organelle fraction (Fo), and soluble fraction (Fs), where n = 3. Letters a-c indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05. ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the parametric analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between two groups: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Concentrations of different chemical forms of Cd in the shoots (<b>A</b>–<b>F</b>) and roots (<b>G</b>–<b>L</b>) of Jingcui 60 and 16-7 cultivars with AA application. Leaf60 refers to the leaf of the Jingcui 60 cultivar, Leaf16 refers to the leaf of the 16-7 cultivar, Root60 refers to the root of the Jingcui 60, and Root16 refers to the root of the 16-7 cultivar. These chemical forms represent the fractions extracted by 80% ethanol (inorganic Cd, F1), deionized water (Cd-organic acid complexes, F2), 1 M NaCl (pectate-integrated Cd, F3), 2% acetic acid (Cd-phosphate, F4), 0.6 M HCl (Cd-oxalate, F5), and the residue (F6). Letters a-c indicate significant differences between treatments at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05. ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the parametric analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between two groups: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Proportion of Cd (%) in different subcellular fractions (<b>A</b>) and chemical forms of Cd (<b>B</b>) in the roots of both Chinese cabbage cultivars.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine the relationship between the subcellular distribution and chemical forms of Cd in the root, and Cd concentrations in the shoot and root (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>). The circle and square refer to the samples from the Jingcui 60 and 16-7 cultivars, respectively. The colors (red, green, pink, blue, and black, respectively) represent Cd, Cd + Met, Cd + Cys, Cd + Thr, and Cd + Asp treatments. Abbreviations: shoot Cd, Cd concentration in the shoots; DW, dry weight; Fcw, cell wall fraction; Fo, organelle fraction; Fs, soluble fraction; F1, inorganic Cd extracted by 80% ethanol; F2, Cd-organic acid complexes extracted by DI water; F3, pectate-integrated Cd; F4, insoluble Cd-phosphate; F5, Cd-oxalate; F6, Cd in the residues.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>The expressions of <span class="html-italic">HMA2</span>, <span class="html-italic">HMA4</span>, <span class="html-italic">HMA3</span>, <span class="html-italic">PCS1</span>, <span class="html-italic">ABCC1</span>, <span class="html-italic">ABCC2</span>, <span class="html-italic">IRT1</span>, and <span class="html-italic">IRT2</span> in roots of both cultivars under Cd + Cys and Cd + Thr treatments (<b>A</b>–<b>H</b>). Data are presented as means ± SD, and different letters on the bars indicate significant differences at <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 (n = 3 plants for each replicate). ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the parametric analysis.</p> "> Figure A1
<p>Different Cd concentrations and toxicity symptoms in Chinese cabbage. (<b>A</b>) Growth stages (5th, 6th, and 7th of full leaf) of Chinese cabbage under control conditions and treated with 5 μM Cd. (<b>B</b>) Shoot weight of Chinese cabbage under the four treatments (CK, 5th, 6th, and 7th). (<b>C</b>) Phenotypes of Chinese cabbage under control conditions and treated with 5, 10, and 20 μM Cd. (<b>D</b>) soil plant analysis development (SPAD) values of Chinese cabbage under the four treatments (CK, 5, 10, and 20 μM) in hydroponic conditions. All phenotypes were observed after four days of treatment. For all parameters, n represents the number of biologically independent samples. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups. ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the parametric analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between groups: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference.</p> "> Figure A2
<p>Phenotypes of Chinese cabbage (Jingcui 60) under control conditions and when treated with sole Cd and Cd + methionine (Met)/cysteine (Cys) at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, and 200 μM (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>). The Cd concentrations in the shoots (<b>C</b>) and roots (<b>D</b>). All treatments were replicated three times. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments. ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the parametric analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between groups: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference.</p> "> Figure A3
<p>Cd concentrations in the shoots (<b>a</b>) and roots (<b>b</b>) of Jingcui 60 cultivars grown under Cd stress (5 μM) and treated with glycine (50 μM, Gly), proline (Pro), threonine (Thr), aspartic acid (Asp), cysteine (Cys), methionine (Met), glutamic acid (Glu), and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among treatments. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the parametric analysis.</p> "> Figure A4
<p>Effect of AA treatment on the activity of the antioxidant enzymes. (<b>A</b>) MDA content, (<b>B</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> content, (<b>C</b>) activity of CAT, (<b>D</b>) activity of POD, and (<b>E</b>) activity of SOD in the shoots. All values represent the mean ± standard deviation (SD), <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3. Different lower letters indicate significant differences among treatments. ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test is used for the parametric test. Asterisks indicate significant differences between two groups: * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; ** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01; *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference.</p> "> Figure A5
<p>Xylem sap volumes (<b>A</b>) and Cd concentrations (<b>B</b>) of xylem sap collected from Jingcui 60 and 16-7 with Cys and Thr treatments. Data are presented as means ± SDs, and different letters on the bars indicate significant differences at α = 0.05 (n = 4 plants for each replicate). ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the parametric analysis. Asterisks indicate significant differences between two groups: *** <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. ns indicates no significant difference.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Growth and Photosynthetic Activity
2.2. Oxidative Damage in Chinese Cabbage
2.3. Cd Uptake and Translocation
2.4. Cd Subcellular Distribution
2.5. Chemical Forms of Cd
2.6. Cd Concentration in the Xylem and Relative Expression of Metal Transport Genes
3. Discussion
3.1. Effect of Exogenous AAs on the Growth and Photosynthetic Activity in Chinese Cabbage
3.2. Mitigation of Cd Toxicity by Modifying the Subcellular Distribution and Chemical Speciation of Cd
3.3. Alleviation of Cd Toxicity by Regulating the Expression of Metal Transporter Genes and Cd Translocation into the Xylem
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Treatments and Conditions
4.2. Chlorophyll Contents, Dry Weight, and Cd Accumulation Pattern
4.3. Various Subcellular Cd Fractionations
4.4. Chemical Speciation of Cd
4.5. Cd Concentration in the Xylem
4.6. Quantitative RT-PCR of Chinses Cabbage MRNA
4.7. Determination of Malondialdehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2), and Antioxidant Enzymes
4.8. Statistics Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Gene ID | cDNA Primer | Primer Forward | Primer Reverse |
---|---|---|---|
Actin | 5′-GGAGCTGAGAGATTCCGTTG-3’ | 5’-GAACCACCACTGAGGACGAT-3’ | |
Bra009399 | HMA2 | 5’-GAGGATGCCACATGGTTGGA-3’ | 5’-CTTTGGTACGGCGGAAGAGT-3’ |
Bra032640 | HMA4 | 5’-TTCCCCACAAGAATCGCTCC-3’ | 5’-CACTCGAACCTTCCACGTCA-3’ |
Bra037319 | HMA3 | 5’-AACCTCGACGCTATGCACAA-3’ | 5’-GCTTGCCACGTCATCATTGG-3’ |
Bra013419 | IRT1 | 5’-TGGCATTCTTTTTCGCGGTG-3’ | 5’-GCCGAGCATGCATTGAGAAG-3’ |
Bra013422 | IRT2 | 5’-CTCGTCGACCTTCTGGCTAC-3’ | 5’-ACTTGGCGACGACAGACATT-3’ |
Bra010773 | ABCC1 | 5’-GTTGACGTTAGAACCGATGT-3’ | 5’-TTGAGACGATGAGCGATG-3’ |
Bra032385 | ABCC2 | 5’-CTGTTGATGTTAGGACTGATG-3’ | 5’-GTGAGCGATGATGAGCAT-3’ |
Bra036010 | PCS1 | 5’-CACAGACATGGTCAGGGAT-3’ | 5’-AAGCATAGTTGGGAGGGA-3’ |
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Li, L.; Chen, Q.; Cui, S.; Ishfaq, M.; Zhou, L.; Zhou, X.; Liu, Y.; Peng, Y.; Yu, Y.; Wu, W. Exogenous Application of Amino Acids Alleviates Toxicity in Two Chinese Cabbage Cultivars by Modulating Cadmium Distribution and Reducing Its Translocation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 8478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158478
Li L, Chen Q, Cui S, Ishfaq M, Zhou L, Zhou X, Liu Y, Peng Y, Yu Y, Wu W. Exogenous Application of Amino Acids Alleviates Toxicity in Two Chinese Cabbage Cultivars by Modulating Cadmium Distribution and Reducing Its Translocation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(15):8478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158478
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Longcheng, Qing Chen, Shihao Cui, Muhammad Ishfaq, Lin Zhou, Xue Zhou, Yanli Liu, Yutao Peng, Yifa Yu, and Wenliang Wu. 2024. "Exogenous Application of Amino Acids Alleviates Toxicity in Two Chinese Cabbage Cultivars by Modulating Cadmium Distribution and Reducing Its Translocation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 15: 8478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25158478