The Role of the Coagulation System in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Interactions with the Arterial Wall and Its Vascular Microenvironment and Implications for Rational Therapies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Role of Coagulation in the Formation and Progression of Atherosclerosis
3. Plaque Composition and Vulnerability: Differences in Coronary and Peripheral Atherosclerotic Disease
4. Endothelial Disfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease and the Risk of Lower Extremity Atherosclerosis
5. Pad: An Inflammatory or a Procoagulant State?
6. COVID-19: A Potential Model of the Hyperinflammation and Dysfunction of Coagulation
7. The Role of Inflammation and the Immune System in Atherosclerosis
Involvement of the Immune System in Atherosclerosis
8. Inflammatory Cytokines in the Atherosclerotic Disease
9. Coagulation Factors as Markers of Risk in Peripheral Artery Disease
9.1. Tissue Factor and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor
9.2. Fibrinogen
9.3. D-dimer
9.4. Von Villebrand Factor and ADAMTS13
9.5. Tissue Plasminogen Activator
10. The Role of Genetics in Peripheral Artery Disease
10.1. Prothrombin G20210A Mutation
10.2. Factor V Leiden
10.3. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Mutation
11. Rational Therapy
12. Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Drugs as a New Potential Therapeutic Strategy: A Hope for The Future?
12.1. ANTI-IL1 Agents
12.2. Colchicine
12.3. ANTI-IL6 Agents
12.4. ANTI-TNF Agents
12.5. Immunomodulatory Drugs
13. Future Perspectives
14. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Miceli, G.; Basso, M.G.; Rizzo, G.; Pintus, C.; Tuttolomondo, A. The Role of the Coagulation System in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Interactions with the Arterial Wall and Its Vascular Microenvironment and Implications for Rational Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 14914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314914
Miceli G, Basso MG, Rizzo G, Pintus C, Tuttolomondo A. The Role of the Coagulation System in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Interactions with the Arterial Wall and Its Vascular Microenvironment and Implications for Rational Therapies. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(23):14914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314914
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiceli, Giuseppe, Maria Grazia Basso, Giuliana Rizzo, Chiara Pintus, and Antonino Tuttolomondo. 2022. "The Role of the Coagulation System in Peripheral Arterial Disease: Interactions with the Arterial Wall and Its Vascular Microenvironment and Implications for Rational Therapies" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23: 14914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314914