Inflammation in Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
<p>Inflammatory mechanisms of cardiovascular risk factors implicated in coronary microvascular dysfunction. TMAO: trimethylamine N-oxide; NO: nitric oxide.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Anti-inflammatory approaches in cardiovascular diseases. IL: interleukin; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor protein 3; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; CRP: C reactive protein; PAI: plasminogen activator inhibitor; VSMC: Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell; HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Multimodality Assessment of CMVD
2.1. Echocardiography
2.2. Cardiac CT Angiography
2.3. Fat Attenuation Index
2.4. Cardiac Positron Emission Tomography
2.5. Cardiac MRI
2.6. Biomarkers
3. The Role of Inflammation in the Pathogenesis of CMVD
3.1. Principal Pathophysiologic Mechanisms
3.2. Hypertension
3.3. Diabetes
3.4. Obesity
3.5. Gut Microbiota
4. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
4.1. Statins-Aspirin
4.2. Colchicine
4.3. Anakinra–Canakinumab
4.4. Tocilizumab
4.5. Etanercept-Adalinumab
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Biomarker | Outcome |
---|---|---|
Aslan et al. [33] | sCD40-L | sCD40-L was related to MVD in regression analysis |
Dollard et al. [34] | hsCRP | hsCRP levels are proportional to disease severity |
Safdar et al. [36] | Renalase | Independent predictor of coronary MVD even after adjustment for risk factors |
Liang et al. [46] | VCAM-1 | VCAM-1 is a significant factor differentiating obstructive CAD with CSX |
Efe et al. [47] | Endocan | Endocan levels ≥2072 ng/L had a 72% sensitivity and 54% specificity for accurate prediction of CSX |
Prasad et al. [48] | Uric acid | Uric acid was associated with markers of inflammation and coronary endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women |
Altiparmak et al. [49] | Thiol | Specificity 84% and sensitivity 86% of CSX prediction with total thiol values ≤338.4 µmol/L |
Schroder et al. [32] | Component of: CCL16 CXCL16 PGLYRP1 TNFR1 GDF15 TNFRSF10C | The 9-biomarker component was associated with MVD but did not provide further diagnostic utility |
Mekonnen et al. [50] | suPAR | Association of suPAR with CFR |
Bozcali et al. [51] | Galectin 3 | ↑ Galectin-3 in patients with CSX even after adjustment for risk factors |
Tenekecioglou et al. [52] | HDL-C | ↓ HDL-C is associated with systemic inflammation in CSX |
DRUG | ACTION | TRIAL |
---|---|---|
Aspirin | Inhibitor of COX | Coronary Microvascular Angina Trial (CorMicA) [102] |
Colchicine | Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome | COLCOT Trial [103] |
Anakinra | Monoclonal antibody against IL-1 Receptor | Ikonomidis et al. [104] |
Canakinumab | monoclonal antibody against IL-1-beta | CANTOS Trial [5] |
Tocilizumab | IL-6 Receptor Inhibitor | Holte et al. [105] |
Etanercept | TNF-α antagonists | ENTRACTE Trial [106] |
Adalimumab | TNF-α antagonists | ENTRACTE Trial [106] |
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Sagris, M.; Theofilis, P.; Antonopoulos, A.S.; Oikonomou, E.; Paschaliori, C.; Galiatsatos, N.; Tsioufis, K.; Tousoulis, D. Inflammation in Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 13471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413471
Sagris M, Theofilis P, Antonopoulos AS, Oikonomou E, Paschaliori C, Galiatsatos N, Tsioufis K, Tousoulis D. Inflammation in Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021; 22(24):13471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413471
Chicago/Turabian StyleSagris, Marios, Panagiotis Theofilis, Alexios S. Antonopoulos, Evangelos Oikonomou, Christina Paschaliori, Nikolaos Galiatsatos, Kostas Tsioufis, and Dimitris Tousoulis. 2021. "Inflammation in Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24: 13471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413471