Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus
<p>The transfer routes of several endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and the damages to pregnant women and fetuses. Pregnant women are exposed to EDCs from the air, food, and products which damage the placenta through body fluids, thereby causing health problems.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>BPA action on placental growth. The arrow facing up indicates an increase, and the arrow facing down indicates a decrease, due to BPA. Bisphenol A increases the secretion of hCG and cell apoptosis, or activates the ERK signaling pathway to reduce estradiol and progesterone hormones, and also inhibits the expression of Wnt2/β-catenin. On the other hand, BPA can increase the levels of Bcl-2 and Hsp70 and reduce the level of HIF-1α to reduce apoptosis.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>A schematic illustrating the effects of phthalates on placental growth. Phthalates activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), which is associated with placental development, or modulate the combination of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and activate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) and signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways, then regulate proliferation, survival, and differentiation in the body.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Detection Methods
3. Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
3.1. Bisphenol A
3.2. Organochlorine Pesticides
3.3. Diethylstilbestrol
3.4. Phthalates
3.5. Phytoestrogens
4. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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EDCs Exposure | Compound | Area | Measurement Method | Body Fluid | Mean ± SD or Range | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bisphenol A | BPA | Germany | Chemical derivatization-GC-MS | Maternal plasma | 0.3–18.9 ng/mL | [31] |
BPA | Germany | GC-MS | Fetal plasma | 0.2–9.2 ng/mL | [31] | |
BPA | Japan | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | Amniotic fluids | 0–8.38 ng/mL | [32,33] | |
BPA | Germany | GC-MS | The placental tissue | 1–104.4 ng/g | [31,34] | |
Organochlorine pesticides | α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) | The Los Angeles area | GC-MS | Amniotic fluids | 0.15 ± 0.06 ng/mL | [35] |
p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) | The Los Angeles area | GC-MS | Amniotic fluids | 0.21 ± 0.18 ng/mL | [35] | |
p,p’-Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) | Mexico | Dual column gas chromatograph-electron capture detector | Serum | 676 ng/g-lipid | [36] | |
p,p′-DDE | Mexico | Dual column gas chromatograph-electron capture detector | Serum | 4,843 ng/g-lipid | [36] | |
Phthalates | Methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MECPP) | America | Isotope-dilution HPLC/MS/MS | Breast milk | 0.1–0.4 μg/L | [37] |
MEHHP | America | HPLC/MS/MS | Breast milk | 0.2–0.3 μg/L | [37] | |
Mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) | Canada | LC-MS/MS | Urine | 32.02 μg/L | [38] | |
Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) | Canada | LC-MS / MS | Urine | 11.59 μg/L | [38] | |
Diethylstilbestrol | DES | China | HPLC with diode array detection | Urine | 1–200 μg/L | [39] |
Phytoestrogens | Daidzein | America | GC/MS | Amniotic fluid | 1.44–5.52 ng/mL | [40] |
Genistein | America | GC/MS | Amniotic fluid | 1.69–6.54 ng/mL | [40] | |
Daidzein | America | Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UPLC-MS/MS) | Urine | 0.11 μg/L | [41] | |
Genistein | America | UPLC-MS/MS | Urine | 0.59 μg/L | [41] |
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Tang, Z.-R.; Xu, X.-L.; Deng, S.-L.; Lian, Z.-X.; Yu, K. Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041519
Tang Z-R, Xu X-L, Deng S-L, Lian Z-X, Yu K. Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(4):1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041519
Chicago/Turabian StyleTang, Zi-Run, Xue-Ling Xu, Shou-Long Deng, Zheng-Xing Lian, and Kun Yu. 2020. "Oestrogenic Endocrine Disruptors in the Placenta and the Fetus" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 4: 1519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041519