The Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D (RbohD) Cell and Tissue Distribution in Potato–Potato Virus Y (PVYNTN) Hypersensitive and Susceptible Reactions
"> Figure 1
<p>Fluorescence detection of RbohD protein in an incompatible interaction of potato Sárpo Mira plants with potato virus Y (PVY) <sup>NTN</sup> (<b>A</b>–<b>D</b>) and the assessment of the quantitative fluorescence signal in all interactions (<b>E</b>). (<b>A</b>) The green fluorescence signal of RbohD (*) in xylem, external and internal phloem, and parenchyma cells 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup> inoculation. (<b>B</b>) The green fluorescence signal of RbohD (*) in the epidermis (*), also with stomata and vascular bundles 7 days after PVY <sup>NTN</sup> inoculation. (<b>C</b>) RbohD signal (*) in a vascular bundle of mock-inoculated Sárpo Mira leaf. (<b>D</b>) Control—lack of green fluorescence signal in hypersensitive response when primary antibodies were omitted. (<b>E</b>) The assessment of the quantitative fluorescence signal of RbohD was conducted by using the corrected total cell fluorescence method (CTCF) in combination with ANOVA. The dark blue charts represent mock-inoculated and PVY-inoculated Sárpo Mira (resistant) potato plants before the hypersensitive reaction (HR) symptoms—1 day after inoculation (dai) and when HR symptoms developed—7 dai. The light blue charts represent mock-inoculated and PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculated Rywal (less resistant) before the HR symptoms—1 dai and when HR symptoms developed—3 dai. The white charts represent control plants (mock-inoculated) and also PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculated cv. Irys (susceptible) potato plants in 7 and 21 dai. Mean values of CTCF were evaluated at the <span class="html-italic">p</span> <0.05 level of significance using a post-hoc Tukey HSD test. Statistically significant values in different days after mock or viral inoculation for the cultivars are marked by asterisks (*) above the mean value of the CTCF on each chart bar. Statistically significant values between cultivars are marked by color brackets with asterisks (*). An orange bracket with one asterisk (*) indicates a statistically significant difference between mock-inoculated, virus inoculated (3dai) cv Rywal plants (blue bracket), and the mock-inoculated virus (21dai) cy Irys plants (red bracket). A black bracket with an asterisk (*) indicates a significant statistical difference between cv Sárpo Mira (green bracket) and the other two cultivars, Rywal and also Irys. Bar = 50 µm. Ep-epidermis, ExtPh—external phloem, IntPh—internal phloem, Me—mesophyll, Pa–parechnyma, VB—vascular bundle, X-xylem.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Immunofluorescence of RbohD protein localization in an incompatible interaction of potato Rywal plants with PVY <sup>NTN</sup>. (<b>A</b>) Signal of RbohD (*) in phloem and xylem cells 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. (<b>B</b>) RbohD signal (*) in xylem tracheary elements and a single necrotizing mesophyll cell. (<b>C</b>) RbohD signal (*) in the vascular bundle of mock-inoculated potato Rywal. (<b>D</b>) Control-lack of green fluorescence signal in hypersensitive response potato Rywal when primary antibodies were omitted. Bar 50 µm. Me—mesophyll, Ph—phloem, X—xylem, VB—vascular bundle.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Fluorescence detection of RbohD protein in a compatible interaction of potato Irys plants with PVY <sup>NTN</sup>. (<b>A</b>) RbohD signal (*) in vascular bundle, stomata in epidermis and mesophyll 7 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. (<b>B</b>) Green fluorescence of RbohD in vascular tissues 7 dai. (<b>C</b>) Green fluorescence of RbohD in necrotizing area of the vascular bundle with the epidermis 21 dai. (<b>D</b>) RbohD signal in xylem tracheary elements in mock inoculated potato Irys plant. (<b>E</b>) Lack of green fluorescence signal (negative control) in susceptible reaction potato Irys when primary antibodies were omitted. Bar 50 µm. Ep—epidermis, Me—mesophyll, St—stomata, VB—vascular bundle.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Immunogold labeling of RbohD protein in an incompatible interaction of potato Sárpo Mira plants with PVY <sup>NTN</sup>. (<b>A</b>) Gold particles indicating the presence of RbohD in chloroplast and vacuole in parenchyma cell of mock-inoculated potato Sárpo Mira plant. Bar 1 µm. (<b>B</b>) Gold particles indicating the presence of RbohD in the cell wall, vacuoles, and membranous structures (*) 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. Bar 2 µm. (<b>C</b>) RbohD gold deposition in plasmodesmata in the cell wall (arrows) and in the vacuole 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup> inoculation. Bar 2 µm. (<b>D</b>) RbohD localization along cell wall and in vacuole 7 days after inoculation at the early step of necrosis. Localization in chloroplast and cytoplasm. Bar 1 µm. (<b>E</b>) RbohD deposition in necrotic epidermis cells 7 days after virus inoculation. Notice RbohD deposition in the cell wall, vacuole, and nucleus. Bar 1 µm. (<b>F</b>) Deposition RbohD in paramular bodies along cell wall (arrows), vacuole and nucleus 7 days after virus inoculation. Bar 1 µm. Ch—chloroplast, CW—cell wall, N—nucleus, Pd—plasmodesmata, V—vacuole, Ne—necrosis.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Immunogold labeling of RbohD protein in an incompatible interaction of potato Rywal plants with PVY <sup>NTN</sup>. (<b>A</b>) RbohD antigen gold particles deposition in chloroplast and vacuole of the mesophyll cell. Low deposition of gold particles along the cell wall (arrow) in a mock-inoculated potato Rywal plant. Bar 1 µm. (<b>B</b>) RbohD located in chloroplast and mitochondria 1 day after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. The deposition in the vacuole and cell wall of the mesophyll cell altogether with virus particles in the cytoplasm. Bar 1 µm. (<b>C</b>) RbohD antigen gold particles in the mitochondria and vacuole in phloem parenchyma cells 1 day after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. Gold particles present in vesicles and the cell wall around the plasmodesmata. Bar 1 µm. (<b>D</b>) Gold deposition in the nucleus, multivesicular bodies (arrows), phloem cells, and Golgi apparatus (*) 1 dai. Bar 2 µm (<b>E</b>) RbohD deposition in the sieve element, and companion cell 3 days after virus inoculation. Gold particles in the vacuole, mitochondria, and along the cell wall. Bar 2 µm. (<b>F</b>) RbohD detection in necrotizing phloem cells 3 days after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. Gold particles mainly in the chloroplast with the ultrastructural changes cell wall, and mitochondria (*). Bar 2 µm. CC—companion cell, Ch—chloroplast, CW—cell wall, M—mitochondria, N—nucleus, Ne—necrosis, PP—phloem parenchyma, SE—sieve element, V—vacuole, VP—virus particles, vs—vesicles.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Immunogold labeling of RbohD protein in a compatible interaction of potato Irys plants with PVY<sup>NTN</sup>. (<b>A</b>) Gold particles indicating the presence of RbohD in the xylem tracheary element. Deposition of gold particles in chloroplast and cytoplasm of xylem parenchyma cell in mock-inoculated potato Irys plant. Bar 0.5 µm. (<b>B</b>) RbohD localization in cell wall near plasmodesmata (arrows), along with vesicular structures (*) and in phloem cells 7 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. Bar 1 µm. (<b>C</b>) RbohD localization in chloroplast, mitochondria, and vacuole in a mesophyll cell 7 days after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. Gold particles present in the cytoplasm near virus cytoplasmic inclusions. Bar 1 µm. (<b>D</b>) Gold particles indicating the presence of RbohD in phloem cells at the early stage of necrosis, 21 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. Gold particles in chloroplast and cytoplasm. Bar 2 µm. (<b>E</b>) Gold deposition along cell wall (arrows) of necrotic epidermis cell 21 days after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. RbohD located in the necrotized cell, chloroplast, and vacuole. Bar 2 µm. (<b>F</b>) Gold particles indicating RbohD in necrotic mesophyll cells. Deposition in chloroplast and vesicles (*) 21 days after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. Bar 1 µm. CC—companion cell, Ch—chloroplast, CI—virus cytoplasmic inclusion, CW—cell wall, M—mitochondria, Ne—necrosis, V—vacuole, X—xylem tracheary element, XP—xylem parenchyma.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Ultrastructural detection of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in an incompatible (B–E, G–H) and compatible (J,K) interactions of potato with PVY<sup>NTN</sup>. (<b>A</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> deposits (*) along the cell wall in the vacuole (arrow) and of mock-inoculated Sárpo Mira leaf (control). Bar 2 µm. (<b>B</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> deposits (arrows) in stained membranous, vesicular structures inside the vacuole 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation of potato Sárpo Mira. Bar 1 µm. (<b>C</b>) Electron dense deposits of cerium perhydroxide precipitate along with the Golgi apparatus, along the cell wall and in the vacuole 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation in mesophyll cell potato Sárpo Mira. Bar 1 µm. (<b>D</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> deposits (arrows) between the cell wall and plasmalemma and along the cell wall 7 days after PVY inoculation of potato Sárpo Mira mesophyll cell. Bar 1 µm. (<b>E</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> along cell wall and in vacuole along tonoplast (arrows) of a mesophyll cell 7 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup> inoculation of potato Sárpo Mira mesophyll cell. Bar 2 µm. (<b>F</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in the vacuole in mock-inoculated potato Rywal plant. Bar 1 µm. (<b>G</b>) Vacuole, cytoplasm, peroxisomes, and cell wall near the plasmodesmata stained with cerium perhydroxide (*) in mesophyll cells 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation potato Rywal. Virus particles in the cytoplasm. Bar 1 µm. (<b>H</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> deposition along the cell wall (*) in xylem tracheary elements 3 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup> inoculation of potato Rywal. Bar 2 µm. (<b>I</b>) Weak deposition of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (*) in the vacuole of mesophyll cell of mock-inoculated potato Irys plant. Bar 2 µm. (<b>J</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (arrows) along the cell wall between necrotized and non-necrotized cells. H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> also in the vacuole (*) 7 days after virus inoculation of potato Irys mesophyll cell. Bar 2 µm. (<b>K</b>) H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> precipitates (*) in non-necrotized cells in changed mitochondria, along membranes of multivesicular bodies as well as cell wall (arrows). H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> inside distorted peroxisomes and in the cytoplasm (arrowhead) with PVY particles and cytoplasmic inclusions 21 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation of Irys mesophyll cells. Bar 1 µm. CI—virus cytoplasmic inclusion, Ch—chloroplast, CW—cell wall, GA—Golgi apparatus, M—mitochondria, Pr—peroxisome, PD—plasmodesmata, V—vacuole, VP—virus particles, X—xylem tracheary elements, XP—xylem parenchyma.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Ultrastructural location of virus particles in an incompatible interaction of potato Sárpo Mira (A–D) and Rywal plants (E–H) and compatible interaction of potato Irys plants (I–K) with PVY <sup>NTN</sup>. (<b>A</b>) PVY<sup>NTN</sup> particles (arrow) in mesophyll cells of the inoculated area 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation of potato Sárpo Mira. Bar 1 µm. (<b>B</b>) Necrosis in epidermis 7 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation; notice the lack of virus particles. Destruction of chloroplasts in stomata and changed cell wall. Bar 2 µm. (<b>C</b>) Necrosis in mesophyll 7 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation of potato Sárpo Mira. Notice the lack of virus particles and changed cell wall near the plasmodesmata areas (arrows). Bar 2 µm. (<b>D</b>) Changed ultrastructure of chloroplasts and mitochondria 7 days after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation outside of the inoculation area of potato Sárpo Mira. Notice the lack of virus particles. Bar 1 µm. (<b>E</b>) Necrotization of epidermis 1 day after PVY<sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation potato Rywal. Bar 5 µm. (<b>F</b>) Necrotic cells in phloem tissue 3 days after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation of potato Rywal. Bar 5 µm. (<b>G</b>) PVY<sup>NTN</sup> particles (arrows) 3 days after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation in mesophyll cell next to plasmodesmata outside the inoculation area of potato Rywal. Bar 1 µm. (<b>H</b>) Virus particles in phloem cell outside the inoculation area of potato Rywal 3 days after PVY <sup>NTN</sup>-inoculation. Bar 2 µm. (<b>I</b>) Virus particles (arrows) in potato Irys mesophyll cell (inoculated area) 7 days after inoculation. Bar 2 µm. (<b>J</b>) Virus cytoplasmic inclusions associated with plasmodesmata (arrows) in Irys mesophyll cells (outside the inoculation area) 21 days after inoculation. Bar 2 µm. (<b>K</b>) Virus particles (arrows) and cytoplasmic inclusions in Irys phloem cells (outside the inoculation area) 21 days after inoculation. Bar 2 µm. Ch—chloroplast, CI—virus cytoplasmic inclusion, CW—cell wall, Ep—epidermis, ER–endoplasmic reticulum, M—mitochondria, Me—mesophyll, Ne—necrosis, Pr—peroxisome, PD—plasmodesmata, SE—sieve element, VP—virus particles.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Immunofluorescence Localization of RbohD Protein in Compatible and Incompatible Interactions
2.2. Ultrastructural Localization of RbohD Protein in Compatible and Incompatible Interactions
2.3. Detection of H2O2 and Virus Particles Location in Susceptible and Hypersensitive Reaction to PVYNTN
3. Discussion
4. Material and Methods
4.1. Plants and Virus
4.2. Immunofluorescence Localization of RbohD and the Assessment of the Quantitative Fluorescence Signal
4.3. Ultrastructural Virus Particles Location and Hydrogen Peroxide Detection
4.4. Ultrastructural Localization of RbohD and Quantitative Immunogold Localization by Direct Estimation of the Relative Labeling Index (RLI)
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | Parameters of Immunogold Labeling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G0 | Ge | RLI | Χ2 Value | Χ2 as % | |
Immunogold Localization of RbohD in Potato Sárpo Mira (Resistant): | |||||
1. Mock-inoculated potato Sárpo Mira plants | |||||
cell wall | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
nucleus | 8 | 6 | 1.33 | 0.67 | 0.55 |
endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) | 2 | 6 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 2.19 |
Golgi apparatus | 10 | 2 | 5.00 * | 32.00 | 26.28 * |
chloroplasts | 10 | 2 | 5.00 * | 32.00 | 26.28 * |
mitochondrion | 1 | 5 | 0.20 | 3.20 | 2.63 |
vacuole | 30 | 9 | 3.33 * | 49.00 | 40.24 * |
cytoplasm | 1 | 4 | 0.25 | 2.25 | 1.85 |
vesicles | 10 | 3 | 3.33 * | 16.33 | 13.41 * |
Column total | 121.78 | ||||
2. 1 day after PVYNTN-inoculation potato Sárpo Mira plants | |||||
cell wall | 30 | 7 | 4.29 * | 75.57 | 47.72 * |
nucleus | 8 | 6 | 1.33 | 0.67 | 0.42 |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 2 | 6 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 1.68 |
Golgi apparatus | 10 | 2 | 5.00 * | 32.00 | 20.21 * |
chloroplasts | 12 | 6 | 2.00 | 6.00 | 3.79 |
mitochondrion | 1 | 5 | 0.20 | 3.20 | 2.02 |
vacuole | 27 | 9 | 3.00 * | 36.00 | 22.73 * |
cytoplasm | 1 | 4 | 0.25 | 2.25 | 1.42 |
vesicles | 32 | 7 | 4.57 * | 89.29 | 56.38 * |
Column total | 158.35 | ||||
3. 7 days after PVYNTN inoculation potato Sárpo Mira plants | |||||
cell wall | 40 | 10 | 4.00 * | 90.00 | 50.62 * |
nucleus | 18 | 6 | 3.00 * | 24.00 | 13.50 * |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 2 | 6 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 1.50 |
Golgi apparatus | 12 | 2 | 6.00 * | 50.00 | 28.12 * |
chloroplasts | 24 | 19 | 1.26 | 1.32 | 0.74 |
mitochondrion | 4 | 5 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.11 |
vacuole | 12 | 6 | 2.00 | 6.00 | 3.37 |
cytoplasm | 16 | 10 | 1.60 | 3.60 | 2.02 |
vesicles | 39 | 10 | 3.90 * | 84.10 | 47.31 * |
Column total | 177.78 |
Sample | Parameters of Immunogold Labeling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G0 | Ge | RLI | Χ2 Value | Χ2 as % | |
Immunogold Localization of RbohD in Potato Rywal (Less Resistant): | |||||
1. Mock-inoculated potato Rywal plants | |||||
cell wall | 5 | 3 | 1.67 | 1.33 | 1.02 |
nucleus | 4 | 3 | 1.33 | 0.33 | 0.25 |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 4 | 3 | 1.33 | 0.33 | 0.25 |
Golgi apparatus | 12 | 2 | 6.00 * | 50.00 | 38.17 * |
chloroplasts | 9 | 2 | 4.50 * | 24.50 | 18.71 * |
mitochondrion | 1 | 7 | 0.14 | 5.14 | 3.93 |
vacuole | 10 | 3 | 3.33 * | 16.33 | 24.43 * |
cytoplasm | 2 | 4 | 0.50 | 1.00 | 0.76 |
vesicles | 10 | 2 | 5.00 * | 32.00 | 24.43 * |
Column total | 130.98 | ||||
2. 1 day after PVYNTN-inoculation potato Rywal plants | |||||
cell wall | 24 | 9 | 2.67 * | 25.00 | 13.88 * |
nucleus | 20 | 6 | 3.33 * | 32.67 | 18.14 * |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 2 | 6 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 1.48 |
Golgi apparatus | 10 | 2 | 5.00 * | 32.00 | 17.77 * |
chloroplasts | 12 | 3 | 4.00 * | 27.00 | 14.99 * |
mitochondrion | 14 | 3 | 4.67 * | 40.33 | 22.39 * |
vacuole | 29 | 9 | 3.22 * | 44.44 | 24.68 * |
cytoplasm | 6 | 4 | 1.50 | 1.00 | 0.56 |
vesicles | 7 | 6 | 1.17 | 0.17 | 0.09 |
Column total | 180.11 | ||||
3. 3 days after PVYNTN-inoculation potato Rywal plants | |||||
cell wall | 24 | 9 | 2.67 | 25.00 | 8.76 |
nucleus | 8 | 6 | 1.33 | 0.67 | 0.23 |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 2 | 6 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 0.93 |
Golgi apparatus | 10 | 2 | 5.00 * | 32.00 | 11.22 * |
chloroplasts | 45 | 10 | 4.50 * | 122.50 | 42.94 * |
mitochondrion | 24 | 5 | 4.80 * | 72.20 | 25.31 * |
vacuole | 30 | 9 | 3.33 * | 49.00 | 17.18 * |
cytoplasm | 9 | 4 | 2.25 | 6.25 | 2.19 |
vesicles | 6 | 5 | 1.20 | 0.20 | 0.07 |
Column total | 285.28 |
Sample | Parameters of Immunogold Labeling | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G0 | Ge | RLI | Χ2 Value | Χ2 as % | |
Immunogold localization of RbohD in potato Irys (susceptible): | |||||
1. Mock-inoculated potato Irys plants | |||||
cell wall | 5 | 1 | 5.00 | 16.00 | 9.49 |
nucleus | 1 | 2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.30 |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 2 | 6 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 1.58 |
Golgi apparatus | 10 | 1 | 10.00 * | 81.00 | 48.02 * |
chloroplasts | 7 | 1 | 7.00 * | 36.00 | 21.34 * |
mitochondrion | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
vacuole | 1 | 2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.30 |
cytoplasm | 10 | 2 | 5.00 * | 32.00 | 18.97 * |
vesicles | 1 | 2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.30 |
Column total | 168.67 | ||||
2. 7 days after PVYNTN-inoculation potato Irys plants | |||||
cell wall | 19 | 5 | 3.80 | 39.20 | 7.65 |
nucleus | 1 | 2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.10 |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 2 | 6 | 0.33 | 2.67 | 0.52 |
Golgi apparatus | 10 | 1 | 10.00 * | 81.00 | 15.80 * |
chloroplasts | 30 | 3 | 10.00 * | 243.00 | 47.41 * |
mitochondrion | 25 | 5 | 5.00 * | 80.00 | 15.61 * |
vacuole | 23 | 5 | 4.60 * | 64.80 | 12.64 * |
cytoplasm | 5 | 3 | 1.67 | 1.33 | 0.26 |
vesicles | 32 | 16 | 2.00 | 16.00 | 3.12 |
Column total | 512.50 | ||||
3. 21 days after PVYNTN inoculation potato Irys plants | |||||
cell wall | 15 | 5 | 3.00 | 20.00 | 4.60 |
nucleus | 1 | 2 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.11 |
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | 1 | 5 | 0.20 | 3.20 | 0.74 |
Golgi apparatus | 5 | 1 | 5.00 | 16.00 | 3.68 |
chloroplasts | 22 | 2 | 11.00 * | 200.00 | 45.99 * |
mitochondrion | 2 | 5 | 0.40 | 1.80 | 0.41 |
vacuole | 10 | 2 | 5.00 | 32.00 | 7.36 |
cytoplasm | 25 | 3 | 8.33 * | 161.33 | 37.10 * |
vesicles | 12 | 5 | 2.40 | 9.80 | 2.25 |
Column total | 434.83 |
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Otulak-Kozieł, K.; Kozieł, E.; Valverde, R.A. The Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D (RbohD) Cell and Tissue Distribution in Potato–Potato Virus Y (PVYNTN) Hypersensitive and Susceptible Reactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 2741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112741
Otulak-Kozieł K, Kozieł E, Valverde RA. The Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D (RbohD) Cell and Tissue Distribution in Potato–Potato Virus Y (PVYNTN) Hypersensitive and Susceptible Reactions. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(11):2741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112741
Chicago/Turabian StyleOtulak-Kozieł, Katarzyna, Edmund Kozieł, and Rodrigo A. Valverde. 2019. "The Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homolog D (RbohD) Cell and Tissue Distribution in Potato–Potato Virus Y (PVYNTN) Hypersensitive and Susceptible Reactions" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 11: 2741. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112741