Xyloglucan, a Plant Polymer with Barrier Protective Properties over the Mucous Membranes: An Overview
<p>Characteristics of the mucin network from different mucosal surfaces. (<b>a</b>) Progression of higher order complexation of mucin glycoproteins resulting in the formation of a mucin network over an oral mucosal surface. This scheme demonstrates the progression of a high-order complexation process, which results in the formation of mucin aggregates. Mucin aggregates invariably contain two-distinct zones: the more intact adherent mucin layers, and loosely-held (expanded) mucin layers of high free-volume. (<b>b</b>) Mucin network thickness in the respiratory and gastrointestinal mucosa; thickness is expressed in µm. Mucin network thickness varies according to its physiological location and role. Inset figure shows cryo-SEM imaging of pulmonary mucin, demonstrating heterogeneous mesh size distribution [<a href="#B29-ijms-19-00673" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Composition of xyloglucan oligosaccharides extracted from the seed of the tamarind tree (<span class="html-italic">Tamarindus indica</span>). (<b>a</b>) Structures of xyloglucan. Structures shown are those reported for the quantitatively major oligosaccharides of each size-class isolated from cellulase-digests of xyloglucan [<a href="#B47-ijms-19-00673" class="html-bibr">47</a>]. (<b>b</b>) Configuration of xyloglucan. The configuration of xyloglucan gives the product a “mucin-like” molecular structure, thus conferring optimal mucoadhesive properties [<a href="#B46-ijms-19-00673" class="html-bibr">46</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Preservation of paracellular flux by Rhinosectan<sup>®</sup> between the apical and basolateral compartments of MucilAir. Preservation of paracellular flux reflects the integrity of the mucosal barrier. Lucifer yellow (LY) permeability after 2 h of pre-treatment with Rhinosectan<sup>®</sup> (30 µL) and 16 h of exposure to pro-inflammatory compounds (LY flux (%) values). LY Flux = (RFUbl/RFUap) × 100, where RFUbl are fluorescent units detected at the basolateral compartment and RFUap are units detected at the apical part compartment. CN: negative control (pre-treatment with saline solution), without presence of pro-inflammatory compounds; TNF/LPS: pre-treatment with saline solution and exposure to pro-inflammatory compounds (TNF-α 500 ng/ml plus LPS from <span class="html-italic">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</span> 10, 0.2 mg/mL); RTAN: pre-treatment with Rhinosectan<sup>®</sup> (30 µL) and 16 h of exposure to pro-inflammatory compounds; RCORT: pre-treatment with Rhinocort<sup>®</sup> spray (budesonide) (30 µL) and 16 h of exposure to pro-inflammatory compounds [<a href="#B1-ijms-19-00673" class="html-bibr">1</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Evolution of type 6 and 7 Bristol Scale stools (the most dehydrating types of stools) in both groups of children (3 months–12 years) (Xyloglucan − Xilaplus- + ORS and ORS) over five days. (<b>a</b>) Evolution of the absolute number of type 7 stools during the first 6 h. (<b>b</b>) Evolution of absolute number of type 6 and 7 stools during the study period. (<b>c</b>) Evolution of mean number of type 6 and 7 stools during the study period. (<b>d</b>) Evolution of the percentage of patients with type 6 and 7 stools during the study period [<a href="#B24-ijms-19-00673" class="html-bibr">24</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Clinical evolution of diarrhoeal symptoms (mean number of type 6 and 7 Bristol scale stools, the most dehydrating type of stools) among groups (xyloglucan, disomectite and <span class="html-italic">Saccharomyces boulardii</span>). (<b>a</b>) Mean number of type 6 and 7 stools during the first 24 h. (<b>b</b>) Mean number of type 6 and 7 stools during the study period (three-day treatment) [<a href="#B23-ijms-19-00673" class="html-bibr">23</a>].</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Percentage improvement in individual symptom scores from baseline to the end of treatment (2 weeks) in both groups of patients with rhinosinusitis (acute recurrent or chronic) (Rhinosectan<sup>®</sup> and physiological saline spray). Administration consisted of two sprays per nostril four times daily. * <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, Rhinosectan<sup>®</sup> vs. physiological saline spray at the end of treatment (day 15). TNSS (Total Nasal Symptom Score) was used to evaluate the severity of symptoms (congestion, rhinorrhoea, sneezing and itching) at baseline and at end of treatment, with a 4-point Likert scale [none, mild, moderate, severe] [<a href="#B15-ijms-19-00673" class="html-bibr">15</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Background
2. The Mucin Network and Mucosal Cell Integrity
2.1. Mucin Network Thickness, Structure and Properties, Nasal and Intestinal Mucus
2.2. Glycans: Importance in Host-Microbial Interactions and Pathogenicity
2.3. Role of Tight Junctions on Mucosal Cell Integrity
2.4. Disruption of Mucosal Barrier Function as a Cause of Diseases
3. General Properties of Xyloglucan and Other Polymers
3.1. Structure
3.1.1. Structure of Xyloglucan
3.1.2. Structure of Synthetic Polymeric Mucin Analogues
3.1.3. Structure of other Mucosal Protectors: Reticulated Proteins
3.2. General Properties of Xyloglucan
3.2.1. Physicochemical Properties
3.2.2. Solubility
3.2.3. Assembly
3.2.4. Mucoadhesive Polymer
3.2.5. Viscosity
4. Barrier Properties as Novel Approaches for the Management of Bacterial Infections and Allergy
4.1. Anti-Adhesive and Anti-Invasion Properties
4.2. Inhibition of Bacterial Biofilms
4.3. Preservation of Tight Junctions (Dietary Fibres)
5. In Vitro Evidence for the Barrier Properties of Xyloglucan
5.1. Effects of Xyloglucan to Preserve Tight Junctions and Paracellular Flux in Caco-Goblet Cells and MucilAir Cells
5.2. Anti-Adhesive Properties in Caco-Goblet Cells and Uroepithelial Cells
5.3. Anti-Invasive Properties in Caco-Goblet Cells
5.4. Wound Healing on Confluent Conjunctival Cells
5.5. Effects on Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts
6. Animal Studies with Xyloglucan and other Mucosal Protectors
6.1. Xyloglucan in a Model of Intestinal Injuries
6.2. Xyloglucan in a Model of Dry Eye
6.3. Xyloglucan in a Model of Corneal Lesion in Rabbits
6.4. Reticulated Protein, Hibiscus and Propolis to Reduce Intestinal E. Coli Load
7. Clinical Studies with Xyloglucan in Gastroenteritis
7.1. Gastroenteritis in Children
7.2. Gastroenteritis in Adults
8. Clinical Studies with Mucosal Protectors in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
9. Clinical Studies with Mucosal Protectors in Urinary Tract Infections
9.1. Early Treatment of Patients with Symptoms of Urinary Tract Infections
9.2. Prevention of Uncomplicated Cystitis Recurrences
10. Clinical Studies with Xyloglucan in Nasal Disorders
Xyloglucan-Based Nasal Spray in Rhinosinusitis
11. Clinical Studies with Xyloglucan in Ophthalmology
Xyloglucan for the Treatment of Dry Eye Syndrome
12. Clinical Studies with Xyloglucan in Infantile Colic
13. Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Piqué, N.; Gómez-Guillén, M.D.C.; Montero, M.P. Xyloglucan, a Plant Polymer with Barrier Protective Properties over the Mucous Membranes: An Overview. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030673
Piqué N, Gómez-Guillén MDC, Montero MP. Xyloglucan, a Plant Polymer with Barrier Protective Properties over the Mucous Membranes: An Overview. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2018; 19(3):673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030673
Chicago/Turabian StylePiqué, Núria, María Del Carmen Gómez-Guillén, and María Pilar Montero. 2018. "Xyloglucan, a Plant Polymer with Barrier Protective Properties over the Mucous Membranes: An Overview" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 3: 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19030673