What Affects Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency? Evidence from China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Index System Construction and Variables Selection
3.1. The Construction of an Evaluation Index System for Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency
3.2. Variable Selection
3.2.1. The Level of Rural Economic Development and the Efficiency of Rural Ecological Environment Governance
3.2.2. Rural Population Agglomeration and Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency
3.2.3. The Size of the Village Committee and the Efficiency of Rural Ecological Environment Governance
3.2.4. Fiscal Expenditure on Agriculture and the Efficiency of Rural Ecological Environment Governance
3.2.5. The Social Organization of Environmental Protection and the Efficiency of Rural Ecological Environment Governance
3.2.6. Rural Public Participation and Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency
3.3. Data Source
4. Empirical Analysis
4.1. Model
4.2. Empirical Results and Analysis
4.3. Discussions
4.3.1. The Analysis of the Influencing Factors on National Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency
4.3.2. The Analysis of the Influencing Factors on Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency in the Eastern, Middle and Western Regions
5. Conclusions and Suggestions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zhu, Q.; Sun, C.; Zhao, L. Effect of the marine system on the pressure of the food–energy–water nexus in the coastal regions of China. J. Clean. Prod. 2021, 319, 128753. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Jia, M.; Zhou, Y.; Fan, F. Impacts of changing urban form on ecological efficiency in China: A comparison between urban agglomerations and administrative areas. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2019, 63, 1834–1856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Wang, X.; Lu, F.; Fan, F. The impact of collaborative innovation on ecological efficiency—Empirical research based on China’s regions. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2020, 33, 242–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, S.; Fan, F.; Zhang, J. Are Small Cities More Environmentally Friendly? An Empirical Study from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 727. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ke, H.; Dai, S.; Fan, F. Does innovation efficiency inhibit the ecological footprint? An empirical study of China’s provincial regions. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2021, 2021, 1959910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ke, H.; Dai, S.; Yu, H. Spatial effect of innovation efficiency on ecological footprint: City-level empirical evidence from China. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2021, 22, 101536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, C.; Yan, X.; Zhao, L. Coupling efficiency measurement and spatial correlation characteristic of water-energy-food nexus in China. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2021, 164, 105151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C. Spatiotemporal Variation and Inequality in China’s Economic Resilience across Cities and Urban Agglomerations. Sustainability 2018, 10, 4754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fan, F.; Cao, D.; Ma, N. Is Improvement of Innovation Efficiency Conducive to Haze Governance? Empirical Evidence from 283 Chinese Cities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 6095. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, J.; Sun, Q.; Wang, S.; Li, X. Does Environmental Regulation Affect Export Quality? Theory and Evidence from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, A. The Wealth of Nations: Books I–III; Penguin Books: London, UK, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Cui, Y. China’s Rural Ecological Environment Governance: Efficiency Evaluation and Improvement Strategies. Qinghai Soc. Sci. 2019, 3, 53–59. [Google Scholar]
- Bekele, W.; Drake, L. Soil and water conservation decision behavior of subsistence farmers in the Eastern Highlands of Ethiopisa: A case study of the Hunde-Lafto area. Ecol. Econ. 2003, 46, 437–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reddy, V.R.; Behera, B. Impact of water pollution on rural communities: An economic analysis. Ecol. Econ. 2006, 58, 520–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hynes, S.; Howley, P.; Yadav, L.; ODonoghue, C. Contrasting the attitudes of farmers and the general public regarding the ‘multifunctional’ role of the agricultural sector. Land Use Policy 2014, 38, 248–256. [Google Scholar]
- Saitou, T. The Logic of Liberty: Michael Polanyi’s Theory of Liberty. Chuo Law Rev. 2000, 107, 185–220. [Google Scholar]
- Hodge, I. Beyond Agri-Environmental Policy: Towards an alternative model of rural environmental governance. Land Use Policy 2001, 18, 99–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mobin, S.M.; Azmat, R. Impact of Improper Household Solid Waste Management on Environment: A Case Study of Karachi City, Pakistan. Asian J. Chem. 2015, 27, 4523–4526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Osborn, D.; Datta, A. Institutional and policy cocktails for protecting coastal and marine environments from land-based sources of pollution. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 2006, 49, 576–596. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bento-Silva, J.S.; Martins de Andrade, W.; Ramos, M.A.; Ferraz EM, N.; de Medeiros Souto, W.; Paulino de Albuquerque, U.; de Lima Araújo, E. Students’ perception of urban and rural environmental protection areas in Pernambuco, Brazil. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 2015, 8, 813–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Huang, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Huang, J. The management efficiency of rural ecological environment in different regions. J. Arid. Land Resour. Environ. 2015, 29, 75–80. [Google Scholar]
- Adhikari, B.N.; Behera, A.K.; Mahapatra, R.N.; Das, H.C. Effect of driving domain on driving attitude profiles in winter seasons of India. Growth Change 2022, 53, 4–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, F.; Lian, H.; Liu, X. Can environmental regulation promote urban green innovation Efficiency? An empirical study based on Chinese cities. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 287, 125060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Wang, S.; Yang, P.; Fan, F.; Wang, X. Analysis of Scale Factors on China’s Sustainable Development Efficiency Based on Three-Stage DEA and a Double Threshold Test. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Fan, F.; Dai, S.; Zhang, K.; Ke, H. Innovation agglomeration and urban hierarchy: Evidence from Chinese cities. Appl. Econ. 2021, 53, 6300–6318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, S.; Ma, H. Does industrial agglomeration promote high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin in China? Empirical test from the moderating effect of environmental regulation. Growth Change 2021, 52, 2040–2070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maloni, M.J.; Golara, S.; Lowman, G.H. Supply Chain Management Research Productivity and Growth: 2017–2019. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 208–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayoubi, C.; Pezzoni, M.; Visentin, F. Does It Pay to Do Novel Science? The Selectivity Patterns in Science Funding. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 635–648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.; Wang, L.; Wang, S.; Fan, F.; Ye, X. Marketisation as a channel of international technology diffusion and green total factor productivity: Research on the spillover effect from China’s first-tier cities. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2020, 33, 491–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.Q.; Chen, T.T. Empirical Research on Time-Varying Characteristics and Efficiency of the Chinese Economy and Monetary Policy: Evidence from the MI-TVP-VAR Model. Appl. Econ. 2018, 50, 3596–3613. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, Y.; Li, D. Cultural industries in emerging economies under the background of economic globalisation and information networks. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 333–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, F.S.; La Torre, D. Quantum information technology and innovation: A brief history, current state and future perspectives for business and management. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2021, 33, 1281–1289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, S.; Liang, Q. Industry competition, life cycle and export performance of China’s cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 87, 171–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, S.H. Technological structure network analysis to explore the hotspots of academic patents in international technology transfer. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 49, 98–114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, D.; Pan, T. Identifying technological development trajectories in blockchain domain: A patent citation network analysis. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2021, 33, 1484–1497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fecher, B.; Kahn, R.; Sokolovska, N.; Völker, T.; Nebe, P. Making a Research Infrastructure: Conditions and Strategies to Transform a Service into an Infrastructure. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 499–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, W.; Fan, F.; Wang, X. Knowledge innovation network externalities in the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area: Borrowing size or agglomeration shadow? Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2021, 33, 1940922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.; Li, Q. Environmental regulation, subsidy and underperforming firms’ R&D expenditure: Evidence from Chinese listed companies. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 190–211. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, X.; Zhang, X. The spatiotemporal evolution of COVID-19 in China and its impact on urban economic resilience. Chn. Econ. Rev. 2022, 73, 101836. [Google Scholar]
- Bastos, E.C.; Sengik, A.R.; Tello-Gamarra, J. Fifty years of University-industry collaboration: A global bibliometrics overview. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 177–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, G.; Wang, K.; Liu, H. Construction land reduction, rural financial development, and industrial structure optimization. Growth Change 2021, 52, 1783–1803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, J.; Song, G.; Liu, S. Factors influencing farmers’ willingness and behavior choices to withdraw from rural homesteads in China. Growth Change 2022, 53, 112–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ko, H.; Chung, Y.; Woo, C. Choice of R&D strategy and asymmetric cost behaviour. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2020, 33, 1022–1035. [Google Scholar]
- Agasisti, T.; Berbegal-Mirabent, J. Cross-country analysis of higher education institutions’ efficiency: The role of strategic positioning. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 66–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Y.; Sun, Y.; Yuan, Y.-H.; Xue, X.; Sheng, F. Exploring the influence of resource management between green innovation strategy and sustainable competitive advantage: The differences between emerging and traditional industries. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 101–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Zhang, J.Q. The symbiosis of scientific and technological innovation efficiency and economic efficiency in China—An analysis based on data envelopment analysis and logistic model. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2019, 31, 67–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Z.; Zong, Y.; Dan, Y.; Jiang, S.J. Country risk and international trade: Evidence from the China—B & R countries. Appl. Econ. Lett. 2021, 28, 1784–1788. [Google Scholar]
- Liedong, T.A.; Sarpong, D. Taking stock and charting the future: The management and implications of DIY laboratories for innovation and society. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2021, 33, 1119–1131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Doloreux, D.; Rodriguez, M.; Shearmur, R. Sources of innovation and the use of KIBS by manufacturing firms. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 78–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bugge, M.M.; Siddiq, F. Empowering professionalism in mission-oriented innovation. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 423–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Macdonald, J.R.; Porterfield, T.E.; Griffis, S.E. Managing Supply Chain Disruption Recovery: The Role of Organizational Justice. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 367–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, F.; Lian, H.; Wang, S. Can regional collaborative innovation improve innovation efficiency? An empirical study of Chinese cities. Growth Change 2019, 51, 440–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, M.; Wang, J. Pricing and green innovation decision of green supply chain enterprises. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 127–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, M.; Fan, F. Cross-national knowledge transfer, absorptive capacity, and total factor productivity: The intermediary effect test of international technology spillover. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2021, 34, 625–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Álvarez-Díaz, M.; D’Hombres, B.; Dijkstra, L.; Ghisetti, C.; Pontarollo, N. Unveiling the local determinants of population growth in the European Union. Growth Change 2021, 52, 150–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Douglas, M.A. Motor-Carrier Safety: A Review and Research Recommendations for 2020 and Beyond. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 93–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, J.; Yang, Z. Routing Optimization for Road Administration Vehicles with Consideration of Overloaded Truck Detour Behavior on Rural Highways. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 339–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Branco, M.; Teixeira, R.; Mir, S.; Lacerda, D.P. Barriers to the Development of Port Operator Supply Chain Integration: An Evaluation in a Developing Country. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 141–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, Z.; Weng, C.; Long, S.; Xiao, Z. Do social ties foster firms’ environmental innovation? The moderating effect of resource bricolage. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2020, 33, 476–490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, X.; Li, Y. The effect of green economic growth on the foreign investment behaviour of heterogeneous enterprises. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bakpa, E.K.; Xuhua, H.; Aboagye, A.K. Ghana’s economic growth: Directing our focus on the contributing influences of innovation activities and trade. Growth Change 2021, 52, 2213–2237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Karlsen, J.T.; Sæther, H.S.; Van Oorschot, K.E.; Vaagaasar, A.L. Managing trust and control when offshoring information systems development projects by adjusting project goals. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, C.-Y.; Chang, H.-C.; Wang, K.-W. Business ecosystem and technology roadmap for Taiwan’s TFT-LCD industry. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2020, 33, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, I.K. Innovation behind the frontier: Strategies of technological laggards. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 86, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calignano, G. Not all peripheries are the same: The importance of relative regional innovativeness in transnational innovation networks. Growth Change. 2022, 53, 276–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, L.; Zhang, Z.; Peng, Z.; Liang, Y.; Liu, M.; Jiang, Y.; Wei, J.; Tang, R. Identifying Surface Urban Heat Island Drivers and Their Spatial Heterogeneity in China’s 281 Cities: An Empirical Study Based on Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression. Remote Sens. 2021, 13, 4428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, Y.; Chen, F.; Wang, Q. Evaluation on the coordinated development level of rural economy and agricultural ecological environment—A case study of Huanggang City, Hubei Province. Jiangsu Agric. Sci. 2016, 44, 597–599. [Google Scholar]
- Cai, L. The beneficial Influence of Population Migration and Flow on the Ecosystem of Environment. Ecol. Econ. 2006, 6, 44–47. [Google Scholar]
- Xiao, Z.; Du, X. Convergence in China’s High-Tech Industry Development Performance: A Spatial Panel Model. Appl. Econ. 2017, 49, 5296–5308. [Google Scholar]
- Fan, F.; Zhang, X.; Yang, W. Spatiotemporal Evolution of China’s Ports in the International Container Transport Network under Upgraded Industrial Structure. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 43–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xiao, Y.T. Analysis of the Mechanism and Countermeasure of Social Capital Affecting Rural Ecological Environment Governance. Theor. Investig. 2018, 26, 113–119. [Google Scholar]
- Akon-Yamga, G.; Daniels, C.U.; Quaye, W.; Ting, B.M.; Asante, A.A. Transformative innovation policy approach to e-waste management in Ghana: Perspectives of actors on transformative changes. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 387–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shi, L.; Jin, Z. Research on Optimization of Efficiency of Financial Support for Agriculture in China’s Rural Revitalization. Contemp. Econ. Res. 2021, 38, 103–112. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, N.; Fan, F. Threshold effect of international technology spillovers on China’s regional economic growth. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2020, 32, 923–935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, H.; Zhang, J.; Fan, F.; Wang, Z. High-speed rail, urban form, and regional innovation: A time-varying difference-in-differences approach. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2022, 34, 2026322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, F.; Zhang, X. Transformation effect of resource-based cities based on PSM-DID model: An empirical analysis from China. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2021, 91, 106648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.S. Analysis on the protection and governance of rural ecological environment in the construction of New Countryside. Agric. Econ. 2017, 31, 36–37. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, S.; Wang, J.; Wei, C.; Wang, X.; Fan, F. Collaborative innovation efficiency: From within cities to between cities—Empirical analysis based on innovative cities in China. Growth Change 2021, 52, 1330–1360. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, F.; Du, D. The Measure and the Characteristics of Temporal-spatial Evolution of China Science and Technology Resource Allocation Efficiency. J. Geogr. Sci. 2014, 24, 492–508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adelle, C.; Görgens, T.; Kroll, F.; Losch, B. Co-production of knowledge in transdisciplinary communities of practice: Experiences from food governance in South Africa. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 145–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butt, A.S.; Shah, H.H.; Ahmad, A.B. Exploring the Potential Challenges of Belt and Road Initiative for Sustainable Supply Chains: South Asian Perspective. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 307–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, Y.-C.; Chen, P.-H.; Teng, M.-J. How do institutional changes facilitate university-centric networks in Taiwan? The Triple Helix model of innovation view. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 309–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jing, Y.; Shu, J.; Wang, R.; Zhang, X. Tempo-spatial variability of urban leisure functional zones: An analysis based on geo-big data. Growth Change 2021, 52, 1852–1865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Baimani, N.; Clifton, N.; Jones, E.; Pugh, R. Applying the ecosystem model in a new context? The case of business incubation in Oman. Growth Change 2021, 52, 663–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruan, L.; Liu, H. The impact of institutional innovation on internal control: Evidence from Chinese state-owned enterprises. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, Y.; Su, X. Driving factors of digital transformation for manufacturing enterprises: A multi-case study from China. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 87, 229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, H.; Dresner, M.E. Multimarket Contact and Capacity: Evidence from the US Airline Industry. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 258–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saidi, T.; Thune, T.M.; Bugge, M. Making hidden innovation’ visible? A case study of an innovation management system in health care. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2021, 33, 729–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Easton, D.; Klonoski, J.R. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. West. Political Q. 1967, 20, 737. [Google Scholar]
- Xie, J.; Liu, L. Present situation and Countermeasures of social organization participation in environmental governance. Environ. Prot. 2013, 41, 21–23. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, H.C.; Zhang, J.Q. Agglomeration and flow of innovation elements and the impact on regional innovation efficiency. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2022, 28, 12564. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, H.; Zhang, J. Industrial collaborative agglomeration and green economic efficiency—Based on the intermediary effect of technical change. Growth Change 2022, 53, 578–596. [Google Scholar]
- Arman, H.; Iammarino, S.; Ibarra-Olivo, J.E.; Lee, N. Systems of innovation, diversification, and the R&D trap: A case study of Kuwait. Sci. Public Policy 2022, 49, 179–190. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, D.; Liao, C. An empirical study on Chinese enterprise effectuation, market ambidexterity and entrepreneurial performance. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 297–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saide, S.; Sheng, M. Knowledge exploration-exploitation and information technology: Crisis management of teaching-learning scenario in the COVID-19 outbreak. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2021, 33, 927–942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hotchkiss, J.L.; Rupasingha, A. Individual social capital and migration. Growth Change 2021, 52, 808–837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, F.; Zhang, X.Y.; Wang, X.L. Are there political cycles hidden inside collaborative innovation efficiency? An empirical study based on Chinese cities. Sci. Public Policy 2022, 45, 101093005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, L.; Hu, R.; Sun, C. Analyzing the spatial-temporal characteristics of the marine economic efficiency of countries along the Maritime Silk Road and the influencing factors. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 2021, 204, 105517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Acebo, E.; Miguel-Dávila, J.; Nieto, M. The Impact of University–Industry Relationships on Firms’ Performance: A Meta-Regression Analysis. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 276–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yarusavage, G. Intermodal Maritime Security: Supply Chain Risk Mitigation. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 439–440. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhulipala, S.; Patil, G.R. Identification of freight generating industry complexes: A descriptive spatial analysis. Growth Change 2021, 52, 2680–2712. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clormann, M. Switching between worlds apart: Negotiating European space sector cultures through innovation. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 521–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kesavan, D.P.; Deif, A.M. Exploring National Culture Impact on Logistics Performance. Transp. J. 2021, 60, 20–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Wang, J. The hidden mediating role of innovation efficiency in coordinating development of economy and ecological environment: Evidence from 283 Chinese cities. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021, 28, 47668–47684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Z.; Yin, H. Science and Technology Insurance and Regional Innovation: Evidence from Provincial Panel Data in China. Technol. Anal. Strateg. Manag. 2022, 34, 1054348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, Z.; Xie, L.; Li, J. Direct subsidies or tax credits? The effects of different R&D policy tools. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 86, 25–43. [Google Scholar]
- Makkonen, H. Information processing perspective on organisational innovation adoption process. Technol. Anal. Strat. Manag. 2021, 33, 612–624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Y.; Han, W.; Yang, R. Does government behaviour or enterprise investment improve regional innovation performance-evidence from China. Int. J. Technol. Manag. 2021, 85, 274–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alam, M.R.; Koo, B.; Cozzarin, B.P. Canada’s changing innovation landscape. Sci. Public Policy 2022, 49, 28–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Borsi, B. The Balanced State of Application-oriented Public Research and Technology Organisations. Sci. Public Policy 2021, 48, 612–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Types | Dimensions | Evaluating Indicators | Unit | Subjective Weight | Objective Weight | Comprehensive Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Output | Economic benefit | The output of green food, organic food, and pollution-free agricultural products | 104 ton | 0.054 | 0.028 | 0.018 |
Income from forestry tourism and leisure services | 102 million yuan | 0.104 | 0.145 | 0.171 | ||
Social benefit | Popularization rate of rural sanitary toilet penetration | % | 0.059 | 0.043 | 0.028 | |
Popularization rate of rural tap water penetration | % | 0.061 | 0.058 | 0.048 | ||
Ecological benefit | Rate of rural greening coverage | % | 0.078 | 0.063 | 0.068 | |
Input | Rural production environment governance | Biogas treatment project for agricultural waste | 102 million m3 | 0.078 | 0.095 | 0.103 |
Drainage area | hm2 | 0.072 | 0.084 | 0.083 | ||
The amount of fertilizer applied | 104 ton | 0.067 | 0.060 | 0.057 | ||
The number of pesticides applied | 104 ton | 0.078 | 0.071 | 0.079 | ||
Rural ecology environment governance | Water and soil lose area | hm2 | 0.022 | 0.050 | 0.020 | |
Afforestation area | hm2 | 0.069 | 0.067 | 0.081 | ||
Investment in rural landscaping construction | 102 million yuan | 0.046 | 0.035 | 0.026 | ||
Rural living environment governance | Biogas digester for rural domestic sewage purification | item | 0.080 | 0.065 | 0.092 | |
Rural domestic waste transfer station | item | 0.078 | 0.102 | 0.103 | ||
Investment in rural environmental sanitation construction | 102 million yuan | 0.054 | 0.035 | 0.024 |
Variable | Criterion Layer | Indicators | Unit |
---|---|---|---|
Explained variable | Rural ecological environment governance efficiency | Rural ecological environment governance efficiency | - |
Explanatory variable | Rural economic development level (Re) | Actual per capita net income of rural residents | 104 yuan per person |
Rural population agglomeration (Rpa) | Rural population | 103 million person | |
Size of village committee (Vc) | Number of village committee members | 103 person | |
Financial support for agriculture (FS) | Expenditure on agriculture, forestry, and water affairs | 104 yuan | |
Environmental protection social organization (Ep) | Number of ecological social groups | 103 items | |
Rural public participation (Rpp) | Total number of agricultural environmental pollution and ecological damage | one item |
China | East | Middle | West | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Re | 0.253 *** (0.053) | −0.325 ** (0.139) | 0.527 ** (0.213) | 0.731 *** (0.221) |
Rpa | −1.158 *** (0.315) | −0.530 *** (0.085) | −0.395 (0.241) | −0.104 (0.082) |
Vc | 0.019 *** (0.006) | 0.015 *** (0.005) | 0.040 (0.149) | 0.033 *** (0.012) |
Fs | −0.141 *** (0.040) | 0.312 *** (0.091) | −0.340 *** (0.115) | −0.386 *** (0.104) |
Ep | −0.074 ** (0.030) | 0.028 (0.025) | −0.140 * (0.080) | −0.048 (0.047) |
Rpp | 1.366 *** (0.190) | −0.003 ** (0.001) | 0.083 ** (0.035) | −0.010 *** (0.003) |
cons | 1.366 (0.190) | −2.280 (0.693) | 1.395 (0.755) | 1.970 (0.611) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Qian, M.; Cheng, Z.; Wang, Z.; Qi, D. What Affects Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency? Evidence from China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 5925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105925
Qian M, Cheng Z, Wang Z, Qi D. What Affects Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency? Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(10):5925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105925
Chicago/Turabian StyleQian, Min, Zhenpeng Cheng, Zhengwen Wang, and Dingyi Qi. 2022. "What Affects Rural Ecological Environment Governance Efficiency? Evidence from China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 10: 5925. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105925