Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing a Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) Orchard Landscape in Summer in Japan
<p>Schematic and photographs showing the two scenes that were viewed.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Study protocol.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Comparison of the natural logarithmic value of high-frequency (HF) power levels of the heart rate variability during 10-min viewing of a kiwifruit orchard or a building site. Data are expressed as the means ± standard error (SE); n = 17. <b>*</b> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05 by the paired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (one-sided).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison of the natural logarithmic value of the low frequency (LF)/high frequency power ratio of heart rate variability during 10-min viewing of kiwifruit orchard or a building site. Date are expressed as the means ± standard error (SE); n = 17. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value by the paired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (one-sided).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison of the heart rate during 10-min viewing of a kiwifruit orchard or a building site. Data are expressed as the means ± SE; n = 17. <span class="html-italic">p</span>-value by the paired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (one-sided).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Comparison of the semantic differential questionnaire after 10-min viewing of a kiwifruit orchard or a building site. Data are expressed as the means ± SE; n = 17. <b>**</b> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01 by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (one-sided).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Comparison of Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaire results after 10-min viewing of a kiwifruit orchard site or a building site. T–A, tension–anxiety; D, depression; A–H, anger–hostility; F, fatigue; C, confusion; V, vigor. Data are expressed as the means ± SE; n = 17. <b>*</b> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, <b>**</b> <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01 by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (one-sided).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Experimental Areas
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Physiological Measurement
2.5. Psychological Measurement
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physiological Effects
3.2. Psychological Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Igarashi, M.; Miwa, M.; Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Takagaki, M.; Miyazaki, Y. Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing a Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) Orchard Landscape in Summer in Japan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 6657-6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606657
Igarashi M, Miwa M, Ikei H, Song C, Takagaki M, Miyazaki Y. Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing a Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) Orchard Landscape in Summer in Japan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):6657-6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606657
Chicago/Turabian StyleIgarashi, Miho, Masayuki Miwa, Harumi Ikei, Chorong Song, Michiko Takagaki, and Yoshifumi Miyazaki. 2015. "Physiological and Psychological Effects of Viewing a Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa ‘Hayward’) Orchard Landscape in Summer in Japan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 6657-6668. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606657