Physiological and Psychological Effects of Forest Therapy on Middle-Aged Males with High-Normal Blood Pressure
<p>Images of the forest therapy experiment.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Effect of forest therapy on systolic and diastolic blood pressures in middle-aged males with high-normal blood pressure. <span class="html-italic">N =</span> 9, mean ± standard error. ** <span class="html-italic">p <</span> 0.01, paired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Effect of forest therapy on urinary adrenaline levels. <span class="html-italic">N =</span> 9, mean ± standard error. * <span class="html-italic">p <</span> 0.05, paired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Effect of forest therapy on serum cortisol levels. <span class="html-italic">N =</span> 9, mean ± standard error. ** <span class="html-italic">p <</span> 0.01, paired <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Semantic Differential (SD) method scores before and after forest therapy. Changes in the subjective feelings “comfortable,” “relaxed,” and “natural.” <span class="html-italic">N =</span> 9, mean ± standard error. ** <span class="html-italic">p <</span> 0.01, * <span class="html-italic">p <</span> 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Subjective Profile of Mood State (POMS) scores before and after forest therapy. T-A, tension-anxiety; C, confusion; A-H, anger-hostility; D, depression; F, fatigue; V, vigor; TMD, Total Mood Disturbance. <span class="html-italic">N =</span> 8, mean ± standard error. ** <span class="html-italic">p <</span> 0.01, * <span class="html-italic">p <</span> 0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Sites
2.3. Physiological Indices
2.4. Psychological Indices
2.5. Experimental Design
Time | Event | Calorie Consumption (Kcal/min) |
---|---|---|
10:30–11:08 | Stroll (Forest) | 0.92 |
11:09–11:20 | Sit (Forest) | 0 |
11:21–11:26 | Stroll (Forest) | 0.85 |
11:27–11:31 | Deep breathing (Forest) | 0.02 |
11:32–11.39 | Stroll (Forest) | 0.71 |
11:40–11:49 | Lie down (Forest) | 0 |
11:50–12:17 | Stroll (Forest) | 1.72 |
12:18–13:16 | Lunch and rest (Resting room) | 0.12 |
13:17–13:30 | Stroll (Forest) | 0.38 |
13:31–13:53 | Ride on the “Forest train” (Forest) | 0.04 |
13:54–13:58 | Stroll (Forest) | 0.64 |
13:59–14:16 | Stroll (Indoor pavilion) | 0.31 |
14:17–14:32 | Stroll (Forest) | 0.17 |
14:33–15:05 | Rest (Resting room) | 0.05 |
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ochiai, H.; Ikei, H.; Song, C.; Kobayashi, M.; Takamatsu, A.; Miura, T.; Kagawa, T.; Li, Q.; Kumeda, S.; Imai, M.; et al. Physiological and Psychological Effects of Forest Therapy on Middle-Aged Males with High-Normal Blood Pressure. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 2532-2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302532
Ochiai H, Ikei H, Song C, Kobayashi M, Takamatsu A, Miura T, Kagawa T, Li Q, Kumeda S, Imai M, et al. Physiological and Psychological Effects of Forest Therapy on Middle-Aged Males with High-Normal Blood Pressure. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(3):2532-2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302532
Chicago/Turabian StyleOchiai, Hiroko, Harumi Ikei, Chorong Song, Maiko Kobayashi, Ako Takamatsu, Takashi Miura, Takahide Kagawa, Qing Li, Shigeyoshi Kumeda, Michiko Imai, and et al. 2015. "Physiological and Psychological Effects of Forest Therapy on Middle-Aged Males with High-Normal Blood Pressure" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 3: 2532-2542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120302532