Long-Term Evolution of the Climatic Factors and Its Influence on Grape Quality in Northeastern Romania
<p>The location of the Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center (NE of Romania). Source: Google Earth [<a href="#B28-horticulturae-10-00705" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Evolution of annual average temperatures (<b>a</b>) and growing season average temperature (<b>b</b>) in the Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center, NE of Romania (1971–2020). Note: The mean values of the decades are presented as the average of the annual data (n = 10) with standard deviation (±). Values with the same letter are not statistically significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05) using Tukey’s test.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Changes in the annual average precipitation (<b>a</b>) and growing season average precipitation (April–September) (<b>b</b>) in the Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center, NE of Romania (1971–2020). Note: The mean values of the decades are presented as the average of the annual data (n = 10) with standard deviation (±). Values with the same letter are not statistically significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05) using Tukey’s test.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The average number of days with temperatures above 30 °C (<b>a</b>) and above 35 °C (<b>b</b>) in the Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center, NE of Romania (1971–2020). Note: The mean values of the decades are presented as the average of the annual data (n = 10) with standard deviation (±). Values with the same letter are not statistically significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05) using Tukey’s test.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The average number of days with temperatures below −15 °C (December, January, and February; winter frost) (<b>a</b>) and below −2 °C (March, April, May; spring frost) (<b>b</b>) in the Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center, NE of Romania (1971–2020). Note: The mean values of the decades are presented as the average of the annual data (n = 10), with standard deviation (±). Values with the same letter are not statistically significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05) using Tukey’s test.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The comparative presentation of the grape harvest intervals (by decade), in the Copou-Iasi wine-growing center, NE of Romania (1981–2020). Note: The decade average was calculated as the mean value of the annual data (n = 10), for each cultivar.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Changes in sugar amount (g/L) and total acidity (g/L as tartaric acid) in mature grapes of Fetească Albă (<b>a</b>), Fetească Regală (<b>b</b>), Aligoté (<b>c</b>), and Muscat Ottonel (<b>d</b>) cultivars in the period 1981–2020, in the Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center (NE of Romania). Note: The mean values of the decades are presented as the average of the annual data (n = 10), with standard deviation (±). Values with the same letter are not statistically significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05) using Tukey’s test.</p> "> Figure 7 Cont.
<p>Changes in sugar amount (g/L) and total acidity (g/L as tartaric acid) in mature grapes of Fetească Albă (<b>a</b>), Fetească Regală (<b>b</b>), Aligoté (<b>c</b>), and Muscat Ottonel (<b>d</b>) cultivars in the period 1981–2020, in the Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center (NE of Romania). Note: The mean values of the decades are presented as the average of the annual data (n = 10), with standard deviation (±). Values with the same letter are not statistically significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> > 0.05) using Tukey’s test.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Principal Component Analysis (PCA) biplot combining the output variables (<b>a</b>) and the Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC) of the decades (<b>b</b>) for the interval 1981–2020, in the Copou-Iaşi wine-growing center. Note: FA—Fetească Albă cv.; FR—Fetească Regală cv.; Alig.—Aligoté; MO—Muscat Ottonel cv.; GS—growing season; T—temperature; Harvest—harvest date; Σt°u—the sum of active temperatures; HC—hydrothermal coefficient; IDM—De Martonne aridity index; IHr—actual heliotermal index; Ibcv—grapevine bioclimatic index; IAOe—oenoclimate aptitude index; HI—Huglin index; Wi—Winkler index; CNI—cool night index.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Climate Data Collection
2.2. Studied Parameters and Bioclimatic Indices
2.3. Grapevine Cultivars and Growing Conditions
2.4. Chemical Determinations
2.5. Statistical Procedures
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Climatic Elements
3.2. Bioclimatic Indices
3.3. Changes in Harvest Date
3.4. Changes in Grape Chemical Composition
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bioclimatic Indices | Decades | Average (1971–2020) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1971–1980 | 1981–1990 | 1991–2000 | 2001–2010 | 2011–2020 | |||
Σt°g (°C) | 3020 ± 172 c | 3083 ± 99 c | 3159 ± 148 bc | 3262 ± 140 ab | 3398 ± 139 a | 3185 ± 191 | |
Σt°a (°C) | 2864 ± 191 c | 2958 ± 139 c | 3021 ± 191 bc | 3151 ± 130 ab | 3291 ± 168 a | 3057 ± 219 | |
Σt°u (°C) | 1251 ± 160 c | 1308 ± 87 c | 1379 ± 126 bc | 1469 ± 136 ab | 1609 ± 132 a | 1403 ± 178 | |
HC | Average | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 |
Class | Moderate humidity | Moderate humidity | Moderate humidity | Moderate humidity | Insufficient humidity | Moderate humidity | |
IDM | Average | 30 ± 8 | 27 ± 7 | 31 ± 8 | 30 ± 5 | 27 ± 6 | 29 ± 7 |
Class | Humid | Semi-humid | Humid | Humid | Semi-humid | Humid | |
IHr | Average | 1.8 ± 0.3 bc | 1.8 ± 0.3 cd | 2.1 ± 0.3 c | 2.1 ± 0.2 ab | 2.4 ± 0.3 a | 2.1 ± 0.3 |
Ibcv | Average | 7.0 ± 3.6 | 7.2 ± 2.7 | 7.2 ± 2.6 | 7.7 ± 2.9 | 9.2 ± 3.3 | 7.7 ± 3.0 |
IAOe | Average | 4152 ± 280 c | 4223 ± 301 c | 4325 ± 399 bc | 4482 ± 266 cb | 4690 ± 252 ab | 4375 ± 352 |
Class | Unsuitable for red wine production | Unsuitable for red wine production | Medium favorability for red wine | Medium favorability for red wine | Very favorable for red wine | Medium favorability for red wine | |
HI | Average | 1822 ± 181 c | 1928 ± 130 c | 1976 ± 190 bc | 2098 ± 150 ab | 2268 ± 161 a | 2018 ± 222 |
Class | HI3—temperate climate | HI3— temperate climate | HI3— temperate climate | HI4— temperate climate | HI4—warm temperate climate | HI3— temperate climate | |
WI | Average | 1303 ± 159 c | 1374 ± 78 c | 1452 ± 133 bc | 1535 ± 120 ab | 1682 ± 139 a | 1469 ± 181 |
Class | Ib | Ib | II | II | III | II | |
CNI | Average | 10.9 ± 1.2 | 10.9 ± 1.3 | 10.8 ± 1.8 | 11.1 ± 0.6 | 12.2 ± 1.2 | 11.2 ± 1.3 |
Class | Very cold nights | Very cold nights | Very cold nights | Very cold nights | Cold nights | Very cold nights |
Parameters | No. Days T > 35 °C | No. Days T > 30 °C | GST (°C) | Annual T (°C) | GS PP (mm) | Annual PP (mm) | FA Sugars | FR Sugars | Al Sugars | MO Sugars | FA Acidity | FR Acidity | Al Acidity | MO Acidity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FA H-date | −0.6186 | −0.6731 | −0.6825 | −0.6845 | 0.4956 | −0.2119 | ||||||||
FR H-date | −0.7260 | −0.8280 | −0.8534 | −0.8550 | 0.6604 | −0.1025 | ||||||||
Al H-date | −0.8395 | −0.9045 | −0.9017 | −0.9026 | 0.7800 | 0.0811 | ||||||||
MO H-date | −0.7806 | −0.9416 | −0.9833 | −0.9832 | 0.8642 | 0.2408 | ||||||||
FA sugars | 0.9040 | 0.9815 | 0.9705 | 0.9696 | −0.9660 | −0.4700 | 1 | |||||||
FR sugars | 0.9802 | 0.9595 | 0.8983 | 0.8977 | −0.9352 | −0.4413 | 0.8977 | 1 | ||||||
Al sugars | 0.9864 | 0.9562 | 0.8891 | 0.8884 | −0.9420 | −0.4728 | 0.8969 | 0.9993 | 1 | |||||
MO sugars | 0.8522 | 0.9710 | 0.9856 | 0.9851 | −0.9252 | −0.3622 | 0.9917 | 0.8645 | 0.8595 | 1 | ||||
FA acidity | −0.9094 | −0.9895 | −0.9854 | −0.9854 | 0.9128 | 0.2782 | −0.9520 | −0.9554 | −0.9473 | −0.9541 | 1 | |||
FR acidity | −0.9902 | −0.9793 | −0.9199 | −0.9189 | 0.9777 | 0.5237 | −0.9456 | −0.9884 | −0.9904 | −0.9107 | 0.9576 | 1 | ||
Al acidity | −0.9926 | −0.9649 | −0.8975 | −0.8966 | 0.9609 | 0.5101 | −0.9168 | −0.9962 | −0.9981 | −0.8782 | 0.9484 | 0.9967 | 1 | |
MO acidity | −0.9720 | −0.9940 | −0.9534 | −0.9527 | 0.9715 | 0.4608 | −0.9646 | −0.9821 | −0.9812 | −0.9416 | 0.9796 | 0.9953 | 0.9877 | 1 |
Σt°g | 0.8937 | 0.9925 | 0.9967 | 0.9964 | −0.9308 | −0.3255 | 0.9828 | 0.9233 | 0.9168 | 0.9875 | −0.9894 | −0.9471 | −0.9265 | −0.9733 |
Σt°a | 0.9135 | 0.9967 | 0.9912 | 0.9908 | −0.9482 | −0.3718 | 0.9880 | 0.9346 | 0.9298 | 0.9861 | −0.9877 | −0.9603 | −0.9405 | −0.9820 |
Σt°u | 0.8789 | 0.9863 | 0.9947 | 0.9943 | −0.9319 | −0.3444 | 0.9900 | 0.9007 | 0.8949 | 0.9961 | −0.9768 | −0.9345 | −0.9086 | −0.9627 |
HC | −0.9698 | −0.9851 | −0.9384 | −0.9372 | 0.9942 | 0.5578 | −0.9807 | −0.9540 | −0.9569 | −0.9512 | 0.9512 | 0.9878 | 0.9719 | 0.9895 |
IDM | −0.9649 | −0.9202 | −0.8388 | −0.8368 | 0.9925 | 0.7320 | −0.9326 | −0.9061 | −0.9171 | −0.8783 | 0.8574 | 0.9555 | 0.9393 | 0.9393 |
IHr | 0.8890 | 0.9879 | 0.9944 | 0.9944 | −0.9068 | −0.2609 | 0.9602 | 0.9354 | 0.9265 | 0.9682 | −0.9978 | −0.9441 | −0.9300 | −0.9712 |
Ibcv | 0.9269 | 0.9975 | 0.9861 | 0.9858 | −0.9395 | −0.3435 | 0.9705 | 0.9585 | 0.9527 | 0.9666 | −0.9972 | −0.9702 | −0.9579 | −0.9890 |
IAOe | 0.9176 | 0.9936 | 0.9863 | 0.9862 | −0.9249 | −0.3064 | 0.9605 | 0.9574 | 0.9504 | 0.9601 | −0.9995 | −0.9637 | −0.9532 | −0.9843 |
HI | 0.9290 | 0.9972 | 0.9820 | 0.9813 | −0.9653 | −0.4270 | 0.9930 | 0.9386 | 0.9360 | 0.9842 | −0.9800 | −0.9692 | −0.9489 | −0.9863 |
WI | 0.8689 | 0.9844 | 0.9986 | 0.9984 | −0.9169 | −0.3005 | 0.9818 | 0.9004 | 0.8930 | 0.9924 | −0.9822 | −0.9285 | −0.9042 | −0.9593 |
CNI | 0.7127 | 0.8700 | 0.9130 | 0.8820 | −0.8842 | −0.2936 | 0.9443 | 0.7063 | 0.7050 | 0.9278 | −0.8802 | −0.7946 | −0.7305 | −0.8251 |
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Filimon, R.M.; Bunea, C.I.; Filimon, R.V.; Bora, F.D.; Damian, D. Long-Term Evolution of the Climatic Factors and Its Influence on Grape Quality in Northeastern Romania. Horticulturae 2024, 10, 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070705
Filimon RM, Bunea CI, Filimon RV, Bora FD, Damian D. Long-Term Evolution of the Climatic Factors and Its Influence on Grape Quality in Northeastern Romania. Horticulturae. 2024; 10(7):705. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070705
Chicago/Turabian StyleFilimon, Roxana Mihaela, Claudiu Ioan Bunea, Răzvan Vasile Filimon, Florin Dumitru Bora, and Doina Damian. 2024. "Long-Term Evolution of the Climatic Factors and Its Influence on Grape Quality in Northeastern Romania" Horticulturae 10, no. 7: 705. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10070705