Adaptation Strategies of Populus euphratica to Arid Environments Based on Leaf Trait Network Analysis in the Mainstream of the Tarim River
<p>Distribution of survey sampling points in the mainstream of the Tarim River (different colors of sample points represent different river reaches).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Leaf trait networks of the upstream (<b>a</b>), midstream (<b>b</b>), downstream (<b>c</b>), and overall (<b>d</b>) regions of the mainstream of the Tarim River. Note: Features with the same background color belong to the same module. The red and black edges show positive and negative correlation, respectively. The strength between characters is indicated by the line width, and the node size is indicated by the degree.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Comparison of network parameters of <span class="html-italic">Populus euphratica</span> leaves in the upstream, midstream, and downstream regions of the mainstream of the Tarim River: (<b>a</b>) average clustering coefficient, (<b>b</b>) edge density, (<b>c</b>) modularity, (<b>d</b>) average path length, (<b>e</b>) diameter. (Different letters indicate significant differences in parameters with <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; error bars indicate standard errors, SE).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison of network node parameters for leaf traits of <span class="html-italic">Populus euphratica</span> in the upstream, midstream, and downstream regions of the mainstream of the Tarim River: (<b>a</b>) degree for upstream, (<b>b</b>) closeness for upstream, (<b>c</b>) betweenness for upstream, (<b>d</b>) degree for midstream, (<b>e</b>) closeness for midstream, (<b>f</b>) betweenness for midstream, (<b>g</b>) degree for downstream, (<b>h</b>) closeness for downstream, (<b>i</b>) betweenness for downstream. (LL: leaf length, LW: leaf width, LA: leaf area, LDW: leaf dry weight, LWC: leaf water content, LDMC: leaf dry matter content, SLA: specific leaf area, LT: leaf thickness, N: leaf nitrogen concentration, C: leaf carbon concentration, P: leaf phosphorus concentration, K: leaf potassium concentration, N/P: nitrogen–phosphorus ratio, C:N: carbon–nitrogen ratio, C:P: carbon–phosphorus ratio, ST: spongy tissue, UE: upper epidermis thickness, LE: lower epidermis thickness, MC: mucilage cell, PT: palisade tissue, USC: upper stratum corneum, LSC: lower stratum corneum, MVB: midvein vascular bundle, SC: sclerenchyma, P/S: palisade tissue/spongy tissue, CTR: cell tension ratio, SR: spongy ratio).</p> "> Figure 4 Cont.
<p>Comparison of network node parameters for leaf traits of <span class="html-italic">Populus euphratica</span> in the upstream, midstream, and downstream regions of the mainstream of the Tarim River: (<b>a</b>) degree for upstream, (<b>b</b>) closeness for upstream, (<b>c</b>) betweenness for upstream, (<b>d</b>) degree for midstream, (<b>e</b>) closeness for midstream, (<b>f</b>) betweenness for midstream, (<b>g</b>) degree for downstream, (<b>h</b>) closeness for downstream, (<b>i</b>) betweenness for downstream. (LL: leaf length, LW: leaf width, LA: leaf area, LDW: leaf dry weight, LWC: leaf water content, LDMC: leaf dry matter content, SLA: specific leaf area, LT: leaf thickness, N: leaf nitrogen concentration, C: leaf carbon concentration, P: leaf phosphorus concentration, K: leaf potassium concentration, N/P: nitrogen–phosphorus ratio, C:N: carbon–nitrogen ratio, C:P: carbon–phosphorus ratio, ST: spongy tissue, UE: upper epidermis thickness, LE: lower epidermis thickness, MC: mucilage cell, PT: palisade tissue, USC: upper stratum corneum, LSC: lower stratum corneum, MVB: midvein vascular bundle, SC: sclerenchyma, P/S: palisade tissue/spongy tissue, CTR: cell tension ratio, SR: spongy ratio).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison of overall network node parameters for leaf traits of <span class="html-italic">Populus euphratica</span> in the mainstream of the Tarim River: (<b>a</b>) degree, (<b>b</b>) closeness, (<b>c</b>) betweenness. (LL: leaf length, LW: leaf width, LA: leaf area, LDW: leaf dry weight, LWC: leaf water content, LDMC: leaf dry matter content, SLA: specific leaf area, LT: leaf thickness, N: leaf nitrogen concentration, C: leaf carbon concentration, P: leaf phosphorus concentration, K: leaf potassium concentration, N/P: nitrogen–phosphorus ratio, C:N: carbon–nitrogen ratio, C:P: carbon–phosphorus ratio, ST: spongy tissue, UE: upper epidermis thickness, LE: lower epidermis thickness, MC: mucilage cell, PT: palisade tissue, USC: upper stratum corneum, LSC: lower stratum corneum, MVB: midvein vascular bundle, SC: sclerenchyma, P/S: palisade tissue/spongy tissue, CTR: cell tension ratio, SR: spongy ratio).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Comparison of leaf morphology, anatomy, and stoichiometry characteristics of <span class="html-italic">Populus euphratica</span> in the mainstream of the Tarim River: (<b>a</b>) degree, (<b>b</b>) closeness, (<b>c</b>) betweenness. (Different letters indicate significant differences in parameters with <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; error bars indicate standard errors, SE).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Leaf trait networks of <span class="html-italic">Populus euphratica</span> in hyper-arid and arid regions of the Tarim River mainstream: (<b>a</b>) LTNs in hyper-arid regions, (<b>b</b>) LTNs in arid regions. Note: Features with the same background color belong to the same module. The red and black edges show positive and negative correlation, respectively. The strength between characters is indicated by the line width, and the node size is indicated by the degree.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Comparison of network parameters of leaf traits in hyper-arid regions and arid regions: (<b>a</b>) average clustering coefficient, (<b>b</b>) edge density, (<b>c</b>) modularity, (<b>d</b>) average path length, (<b>e</b>) diameter. (Different letters indicate significant differences in parameters with <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; error bars indicate standard errors, SE).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Comparison of node parameters for LTNs of <span class="html-italic">Populus euphratica</span> in hyper-arid and arid regions: (<b>a</b>) degree for hyper-arid region, (<b>b</b>) closeness for hyper-arid region, (<b>c</b>) betweenness for hyper-arid region, (<b>d</b>) degree for arid region, (<b>e</b>) closeness for arid region, (<b>f</b>) betweenness for arid region. (LL: leaf length, LW: leaf width, LA: leaf area, LDW: leaf dry weight, LWC: leaf water content, LDMC: leaf dry matter content, SLA: specific leaf area, LT: leaf thickness, N: leaf nitrogen concentration, C: leaf carbon concentration, P: leaf phosphorus concentration, K: leaf potassium concentration, N/P: nitrogen–phosphorus ratio, C:N: carbon–nitrogen ratio, C:P: carbon–phosphorus ratio, ST: spongy tissue, UE: upper epidermis thickness, LE: lower epidermis thickness, MC: mucilage cell, PT: palisade tissue, USC: upper stratum corneum, LSC: lower stratum corneum, MVB: midvein vascular bundle, SC: sclerenchyma, P/S: palisade tissue/spongy tissue, CTR: cell tension ratio, SR: spongy ratio).</p> "> Figure 9 Cont.
<p>Comparison of node parameters for LTNs of <span class="html-italic">Populus euphratica</span> in hyper-arid and arid regions: (<b>a</b>) degree for hyper-arid region, (<b>b</b>) closeness for hyper-arid region, (<b>c</b>) betweenness for hyper-arid region, (<b>d</b>) degree for arid region, (<b>e</b>) closeness for arid region, (<b>f</b>) betweenness for arid region. (LL: leaf length, LW: leaf width, LA: leaf area, LDW: leaf dry weight, LWC: leaf water content, LDMC: leaf dry matter content, SLA: specific leaf area, LT: leaf thickness, N: leaf nitrogen concentration, C: leaf carbon concentration, P: leaf phosphorus concentration, K: leaf potassium concentration, N/P: nitrogen–phosphorus ratio, C:N: carbon–nitrogen ratio, C:P: carbon–phosphorus ratio, ST: spongy tissue, UE: upper epidermis thickness, LE: lower epidermis thickness, MC: mucilage cell, PT: palisade tissue, USC: upper stratum corneum, LSC: lower stratum corneum, MVB: midvein vascular bundle, SC: sclerenchyma, P/S: palisade tissue/spongy tissue, CTR: cell tension ratio, SR: spongy ratio).</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Comparison of leaf morphology, anatomy, and stoichiometry feature node parameters based on different arid regions of the mainstream of the Tarim River: (<b>a</b>) degree of three types of leaf traits in the hyper-arid area, (<b>b</b>) closeness of three types of leaf traits in the hyper-arid area, (<b>c</b>) betweenness of three types of leaf traits in the hyper-arid area, (<b>d</b>) degree of three types of leaf traits in the arid area, (<b>e</b>) closeness of three types of leaf traits in the arid area, (<b>f</b>) betweenness of three types of leaf traits in the arid area. (Different letters indicate significant differences in parameters with <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; error bars indicate standard errors, SE).</p> "> Figure 10 Cont.
<p>Comparison of leaf morphology, anatomy, and stoichiometry feature node parameters based on different arid regions of the mainstream of the Tarim River: (<b>a</b>) degree of three types of leaf traits in the hyper-arid area, (<b>b</b>) closeness of three types of leaf traits in the hyper-arid area, (<b>c</b>) betweenness of three types of leaf traits in the hyper-arid area, (<b>d</b>) degree of three types of leaf traits in the arid area, (<b>e</b>) closeness of three types of leaf traits in the arid area, (<b>f</b>) betweenness of three types of leaf traits in the arid area. (Different letters indicate significant differences in parameters with <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; error bars indicate standard errors, SE).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study and Sampling Area
2.2. Leaf Sample Collection
2.3. Leaf Measurement and Data Collection
2.4. Establishment of Leaf Trait Networks
2.5. Parameters of Leaf Trait Networks
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Leaf Trait Network of Populus euphratica in the Mainstream of Tarim River
3.2. Differences in Leaf Trait Networks of Populus euphratica in Different Arid Regions along the Mainstream of the Tarim River
3.3. Hub Traits of Leaf Trait Networks in Different arid Regions
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences and Connections between Leaf Trait Networks of Populus euphratica in the Mainstream of the Tarim River
4.2. Highly Correlated Traits in the Leaf Trait Networks of the Mainstream of the Tarim River
4.3. The Connections and Differences between Leaf Trait Networks in Different Arid Regions
4.4. Important Node Parameters of Leaf Trait Networks in Different arid Regions
4.5. Comparison of Morphological, Anatomical, and Stoichiometry Traits in the Network Characteristics of Populus euphratica Leaves
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Reaches | Regions | Sample Point | Longitude/°E | Latitude/°N | Altitude/m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
upstream | arid | U1 | 80.916 | 41.137 | 1084 |
hyper arid | U2 | 80.944 | 40.437 | 1025 | |
hyper arid | U3 | 81.155 | 40.425 | 1018 | |
arid | U4 | 81.6 | 40.757 | 1001 | |
arid | U5 | 81.929 | 40.654 | 994 | |
midstream | arid | M1 | 82.152 | 40.845 | 988 |
arid | M2 | 82.343 | 41.053 | 978 | |
arid | M3 | 82.743 | 40.963 | 970 | |
arid | M4 | 83.015 | 40.904 | 962 | |
arid | M5 | 83.162 | 41.052 | 957 | |
arid | M6 | 83.316 | 41.006 | 955 | |
arid | M7 | 84.202 | 41.3 | 932 | |
arid | M8 | 84.213 | 41.245 | 934 | |
arid | M9 | 84.238 | 41.172 | 933 | |
downstream | arid | D1 | 85.127 | 41.994 | 974 |
hyper arid | D2 | 86.163 | 41.19 | 891 | |
hyper arid | D3 | 86.843 | 40.924 | 874 | |
hyper arid | D4 | 87.076 | 40.894 | 868 | |
hyper arid | D5 | 87.541 | 40.645 | 856 | |
hyper arid | D6 | 87.904 | 40.454 | 845 |
Category | Traits | Hyper Arid | Arid | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf morphology | LL | |||
LW | ||||
LA | ||||
LDW | ||||
LWC | ||||
LDMC | ||||
SLA | ||||
LT | ||||
Leaf stoichiometry | N | |||
K | ||||
C | ||||
P | ||||
N:P | ||||
C:N | ||||
C:P | ||||
Leaf anatomy | ST | |||
UE | ||||
LE | ||||
MC | ||||
PT | ||||
USC | ||||
LSC | ||||
MVB | ||||
SC | ||||
P/S | ||||
CTR | ||||
SR |
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Yao, S.; Wang, J.; Huang, W.; Jiao, P.; Peng, C.; Li, Y.; Song, S. Adaptation Strategies of Populus euphratica to Arid Environments Based on Leaf Trait Network Analysis in the Mainstream of the Tarim River. Forests 2024, 15, 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030437
Yao S, Wang J, Huang W, Jiao P, Peng C, Li Y, Song S. Adaptation Strategies of Populus euphratica to Arid Environments Based on Leaf Trait Network Analysis in the Mainstream of the Tarim River. Forests. 2024; 15(3):437. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030437
Chicago/Turabian StyleYao, Shiyu, Jie Wang, Wenjuan Huang, Peipei Jiao, Chengzhi Peng, Ying Li, and Shuangfei Song. 2024. "Adaptation Strategies of Populus euphratica to Arid Environments Based on Leaf Trait Network Analysis in the Mainstream of the Tarim River" Forests 15, no. 3: 437. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15030437