Xylem Plasticity in Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex Growing at Sites with Different Water Availability in the Mediterranean Region: Relations between Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations and Environmental Conditions
"> Figure 1
<p>Mean monthly average temperature and mean total monthly precipitation recorded in Elba Island during the period 1960–2007.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Tree-ring with <span class="html-italic">L</span>-type intra-annual density fluctuations (<span class="html-italic">L</span>-IADFs) at dry site (<b>a</b>) and wet site (<b>b</b>) in <span class="html-italic">Pinus pinaster</span> and tree-rings with <span class="html-italic">L</span>-IADFs at dry site (<b>c</b>) and wet site (<b>d</b>) in <span class="html-italic">Quercus ilex</span>. Yellow arrows indicate the beginning of earlywood-like cells in the latewood. Ba<span class="html-italic">r</span> = 500 µm.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Average ring width chronologies (Black lines, ring width index RWI) after detrending in <span class="html-italic">P. pinaster</span> at wet site (<b>a</b>) and at dry site (<b>b</b>), and in <span class="html-italic">Q.ilex</span> at wet site (<b>c</b>) and dry site (<b>d</b>). Grey lines shows the sample depth (number of samples for each year).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Variation in tracheid/vessel size along ring width (from earlywood—EW to latewood—LW) shown by plotting the set of the tracheid/vessel-lumen-area standardized data of rings with intra-annual density fluctuations (IADFs) (red line) and without IADFs (blue line) for <span class="html-italic">P. pinaster</span> at wet (<b>a</b>) and dry site (<b>b</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Q. ilex</span> at wet (<b>c</b>) and dry site (<b>d</b>). Confidence intervals are shown as dashed lines.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Wood density (measured as percentage of cell walls over total xylem area) in tree-rings of <span class="html-italic">P pinaster</span> without (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and with (c,d) IADFs at the wet (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) and dry sites (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>), and of <span class="html-italic">Q. ilex</span> without (<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) and with (<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>) IADFs at the wet (<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>) and dry sites (<b>f</b>,<b>h</b>). Mean values and standard errors are shown. Different letters indicate significantly different values (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) between different regions (R1–R4 and R1–R5 for tree-rings without and with IADFs respectively) oriented from earlywood (EW) to latewood (LW).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Vessel frequency in <span class="html-italic">Q. ilex</span> tree-rings without (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) and with (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) IADFs at the wet (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) and dry sites (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>). Mean values and standard errors are shown. Different letters indicate significantly different values (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) between different regions (R1–R4 and R1–R5 for tree-rings without and with IADFs respectively) oriented from earlywood (EW) to latewood (LW).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Climate–growth associations computed by comparing tracheid lumen area (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>) and wood density (<b>e</b>–<b>h</b>) with precipitation (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>) and maximum temperature (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>h</b>) in <span class="html-italic">P. pinaster</span> at the wet (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>) and the dry site (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>). Correlations were calculated from October of the previous year to December of the current year of tree-ring formation (x axes) and partitioning the tree-ring without IADFs in four regions and with IADFs in five regions along the radial direction from the beginning (Region 1) to the end (Region 4–Region 5) of the ring (y axes). Significant correlations (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) are indicated with asterisks.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Climate–growth associations computed by comparing vessel lumen area (<b>a</b>–<b>d</b>), wood density (<b>e</b>–<b>h</b>) and vessels frequency (<b>i</b>,<b>l</b>,<b>m</b>,<b>n</b>) with precipitation (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>i</b>,<b>m</b>) and maximum temperature (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>h</b>,<b>l</b>,<b>n</b>) in <span class="html-italic">Q. ilex</span> in wet (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>,<b>e</b>,<b>f</b>,<b>i</b>,<b>l</b>) and in dry site (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>,<b>g</b>,<b>h</b>,<b>m</b>,<b>n</b>). Correlations were calculated from October of the previous year to December of the current year of tree-ring formation (x axes) and partitioning the tree-ring without IADFs in four regions and with IADFs in five regions along the radial direction from the beginning (Region 1) to the end (Region4–Region 5) of the ring (y axes). Significant correlations (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) are indicated with asterisks.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Climate–IADFs associations computed by comparing <span class="html-italic">L</span>-IADFs frequency in <span class="html-italic">P. pinaster</span> (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) and <span class="html-italic">Q. ilex</span> (<b>d</b>) with precipitation (<b>a</b>) and maximum temperature (<b>b</b>–<b>d</b>) in wet (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>) and dry site (<b>c</b>). Correlations were calculated from September of the previous year to December of the current year of tree-ring formation (x axes). Significant correlations (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) are indicated with red lines.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Species and Study Site
2.2. Tree-ring Data and IADF Frequency
2.3. Microscopy and Quantitative Wood Anatomy
2.4. Climate Signal
3. Results
3.1. Tree-Ring Dating and IADFs Occurrence
3.2. Xylem Traits
3.3. Climate Correlations
4. Discussion
4.1. The Role of Water Availability in P. pinaster
4.2. IADF Formation in Q. ilex
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Balzano, A.; Battipaglia, G.; Cherubini, P.; De Micco, V. Xylem Plasticity in Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex Growing at Sites with Different Water Availability in the Mediterranean Region: Relations between Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations and Environmental Conditions. Forests 2020, 11, 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040379
Balzano A, Battipaglia G, Cherubini P, De Micco V. Xylem Plasticity in Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex Growing at Sites with Different Water Availability in the Mediterranean Region: Relations between Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations and Environmental Conditions. Forests. 2020; 11(4):379. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040379
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalzano, Angela, Giovanna Battipaglia, Paolo Cherubini, and Veronica De Micco. 2020. "Xylem Plasticity in Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex Growing at Sites with Different Water Availability in the Mediterranean Region: Relations between Intra-Annual Density Fluctuations and Environmental Conditions" Forests 11, no. 4: 379. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040379