Production of a Biofuel that Keeps the Glycerol as a Monoglyceride by Using Supported KF as Heterogeneous Catalyst †
"> Graphical abstract
"> Figure 1
<p>Representative scheme of the production of Ecodiesel, a biofuel, by partial methanolysis of sunflower oil.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Viscosity values and (<b>b</b>) Conversion and Selectivity values, obtained in the heterogeneous selective methanolysis of sunflower oil under standard conditions, with different amounts of KF/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 65 °C, 12 mL of oil and 2.43 mL of methanol.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Viscosity values and (<b>b</b>) Conversion and Selectivity values, obtained in the heterogeneous selective methanolysis of sunflower oil under standard conditions, with different molar oil/methanol ratios, reaction time 60 min, reaction temperature 65 °C, 12 mL oil and 0.8 g of KF/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Viscosity values and (<b>b</b>) Conversion and Selectivity values, obtained in the heterogeneous selective methanolysis of sunflower oil carried out under standard conditions, reaction time 60 min, 0.8 g of KF/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst, 12 mL of oil and 2.43 mL of methanol, under different reaction temperatures in the interval 45–65 °C.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Arrhenius plot (Ln<span class="html-italic">k</span> <span class="html-italic">vs</span>. 1/<span class="html-italic">T</span>) obtained from the evolution of Ln<span class="html-italic">k</span> values with temperature, where <span class="html-italic">k</span> = viscosity<sup>−1</sup>; operating under standard conditions, with 12 mL of oil, 2.43 mL of methanol, 0.8 g of catalyst weight, 60 min reaction time and different reaction temperatures in the interval 25–65 °C.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Viscosity values obtained in the successive reuses of heterogeneous selective methanolysis of sunflower oil under standard conditions, with 0.8 g of KF/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, 65 °C, 12 mL of oil and 2.43 mL methanol. (<b>b</b>) Conversion and Selectivity values obtained with identical conditions.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Viscosity values obtained in the successive reuses of heterogeneous selective methanolysis of sunflower oil (viscosity 32.0 cSt) under standard conditions, with 0.8 g of KF/ZnO, 65 °C, 12 mL of oil and 2.43 mL methanol. (<b>b</b>) Conversion and Selectivity values obtained with identical conditions.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Viscosity values obtained in the successive reuses of heterogeneous selective methanolysis of sunflower oil (viscosity 32.0 cSt) under standard conditions, with 0.8 g of KF/MgO, 65 °C, 12 mL of oil and 2.43 mL methanol. (<b>b</b>) Conversion and Selectivity values obtained with identical conditions.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Influence of the Inorganic Solid Used as KF Support on Process Performance
Support | Viscosity (cSt) | Conversion (%) | Selectivity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Al2O3 | 4.62 | 100 | 94.95 |
ZnO | 8.40 | 100 | 83.54 |
MgO | 5.88 | 100 | 92.40 |
2.2. Influence of Catalyst KF/Al2O3 Weight on Process Performance
2.3. Influence of Molar Oil/Methanol Ratio on Process Performance
2.4. Influence of Temperature on Process Performance
2.5. Influence of the Repeated Used of the Three Catalysts, on the Process Performance
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Materials
3.2. Synthesis of Catalysts: Supported KF
3.3. Alcoholysis Reactions
3.4. Analytical Methods
3.5. Viscosity Measurements
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Calero, J.; Cumplido, G.; Luna, D.; Sancho, E.D.; Luna, C.; Posadillo, A.; Bautista, F.M.; Romero, A.A.; Verdugo-Escamilla, C. Production of a Biofuel that Keeps the Glycerol as a Monoglyceride by Using Supported KF as Heterogeneous Catalyst. Energies 2014, 7, 3764-3780. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7063764
Calero J, Cumplido G, Luna D, Sancho ED, Luna C, Posadillo A, Bautista FM, Romero AA, Verdugo-Escamilla C. Production of a Biofuel that Keeps the Glycerol as a Monoglyceride by Using Supported KF as Heterogeneous Catalyst. Energies. 2014; 7(6):3764-3780. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7063764
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalero, Juan, Gema Cumplido, Diego Luna, Enrique D. Sancho, Carlos Luna, Alejandro Posadillo, Felipa M. Bautista, Antonio A. Romero, and Cristóbal Verdugo-Escamilla. 2014. "Production of a Biofuel that Keeps the Glycerol as a Monoglyceride by Using Supported KF as Heterogeneous Catalyst" Energies 7, no. 6: 3764-3780. https://doi.org/10.3390/en7063764