Energy-Saving Potential of Building Envelope Designs in Residential Houses in Taiwan
<p>Objective of this study. (<b>a</b>) Study area (yellow dotted region); (<b>b</b>) Modified study area; (<b>c</b>) A city block is composed of 20 attached RC buildings.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Floor plans of the main simulation target (not to scale).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Daily occupation period of major spaces (00:00 to 23:00).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Monthly energy consumption densities of buildings.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison between the simulated and measured results.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Monthly energy consumption of the baseline case.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Comparison of annual energy consumption for different window glasses.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Comparison of annual energy consumption between the baseline and various shading variables.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Comparison of HVAC energy consumption between the baseline and various shading variables.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Comparison of annual electricity consumption among different variables.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Research Methods
2.1. Study Objective
2.2. Building Materials and Space Occupation Scenario
2.2.1. Structural Materials
Illustration | Detailed Construction | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Thickness (cm) | U-Value (W/m2·K) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor convection | 23 | - | 1.141 | |
Insulation bricks | 1.5 | 3.5 | ||
Styrofoam | 0.040 | 2 | ||
PU layer | 0.05 | 0.2 | ||
Cement mortar | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
RC | 1.4 | 15 | ||
Cement mortar | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
Indoor convection | 7 | - |
Illustration | Detailed Construction | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Thickness (cm) | U-Value (W/m2·K) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor convection | 23 | - | 3.497 | |
Ceramic tile | 1.3 | 1 | ||
Cement mortar | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
RC | 1.4 | 15 | ||
Cement mortar | 1.5 | 1 | ||
Indoor convection | 9 | - |
2.2.2. Determining the Number of Residents
2.2.3. Basic Electrical Appliances
Space | Power Consumed (W) | Illumination Density (W/m2) |
---|---|---|
Living room | Television: 130 | 8.07 |
Kitchen | Cooker: 600, Range hood: 350, Microwave oven: 1200, Refrigerator: 130, Electric pot: 750, Dish dryer: 200 | 6 |
Master bedroom | Television: 130 | 6.5 |
Bedroom | Computer: 120 | 6 |
Bathroom | Hair dryer: 800 | 6.5 |
Balcony | Washing machine: 420 | 5 |
Public space | None | 6 |
2.2.4. Occupation Period of Major Spaces
2.2.5. Air Conditioner Capacities and Their Operating Period
2.3. Comparison of Simulation Results with Field Measurements
2.4. Variables under Investigation
Baseline | Variables for Discussion | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roof | RC | Corrugated steel roof, Green roof | |||
Window glass | 10-mm clear glass | Reflective glass | Single-layer, low-E glass | Two-layer, low-E glass | Three-layer, low-E glass |
Sunshield | None | Horizontal shading, vertical shading, box shading |
2.4.1. Roof Constructions
Illustration | Detailed Construction | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Thickness (cm) | Thermal Resistance (m2K/W) | U-Value (W/m2·K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor convection | - | - | 0.043 | 2.32 | |
Corrugated steel plate | 45 | 0.5 | 0.0001 | ||
MDF | 0.082 | 2 | 0.244 | ||
C-type steel | - | - | - | ||
Indoor convection | - | - | 0.143 |
Detailed Construction | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Thickness (cm) | Thermal Resistance (m2·K/W) | U-Value (W/m2·K) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Outdoor convection | - | - | 0.043 | 0.70 |
Turfing | - | - | 0.360 | |
Soil (40% moisture) | 1.580 | 30 | 0.190 | |
Insulating brick | 1.5 | 3.5 | 0.023 | |
Styrofoam | 0.040 | 2 | 0.500 | |
PU layer | 0.05 | 0.2 | 0.040 | |
Cement mortar | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.010 | |
RC | 1.4 | 15 | 0.107 | |
Cement mortar | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.010 | |
Indoor convection | - | - | 0.143 |
2.4.2. Window Glass
Glass Type Used in This Study | Thermal Transmittance (W/m2·K) | Shading Coefficient (SC) | Visible Light Transmittance (VT) |
---|---|---|---|
(a) Reflective glass: 10-mm, green-colored glass | 5.67 | 0.57 | 0.21 |
(b) Single-layer low-E glass: 6-mm clear glass + G insulation paper | 5.77 | 0.60 | 0.69 |
(c) Two-layer low-E glass: 6-mm green glass + low-E coating + 6-mm clear glass | 1.72 | 0.35 | 0.52 |
(d) Three-layer low-E glass: 6-mm green glass + 9AS + PET low-E film + 9AS + 6-mm clear glass | 1.47 | 0.33 | 0.52 |
2.4.3. Sunshield
- (i)
- Horizontal shields: 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 m
- (ii)
- Vertical shields: 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 m
- (iii)
- Box shields: 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2 and 1.5 m
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Roof Construction Effect
3.2. Window Glass Effect
3.3. Sun Shielding Effect
3.4. Findings
4. Conclusions
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Lai, C.-M.; Wang, Y.-H. Energy-Saving Potential of Building Envelope Designs in Residential Houses in Taiwan. Energies 2011, 4, 2061-2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4112061
Lai C-M, Wang Y-H. Energy-Saving Potential of Building Envelope Designs in Residential Houses in Taiwan. Energies. 2011; 4(11):2061-2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4112061
Chicago/Turabian StyleLai, Chi-Ming, and Yao-Hong Wang. 2011. "Energy-Saving Potential of Building Envelope Designs in Residential Houses in Taiwan" Energies 4, no. 11: 2061-2076. https://doi.org/10.3390/en4112061