Energy Transformation Development Strategies: Evaluation of Asset Conversion in the Regions
<p>Typical roadmap of bioenergy production [<a href="#B33-energies-17-01612" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Decentralized regional biomass market structure.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Combined effect of electricity (EP) and heat (TP) on electricity price (Y).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Contour plot of the effect of electricity (EP) and heat (TP) on electricity price (Y).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Optimal parameters of electricity (EP), heat (TP), and electricity price (Y).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Conversion Characteristics of Different Production Technologies
2.1.1. Electricity Production
2.1.2. Heat Production
2.1.3. Gas Production
2.2. The Importance of Biomass Cogeneration for Short-Term Transformation
- ➢
- Prime Mover: Various prime movers, including gas turbines, steam turbines, reciprocating engines, and fuel cells, form the backbone of cogeneration systems. This is discussed in comprehensive studies by [39] on internal combustion engines;
- ➢
- Heat Recovery Systems: Efficient heat recovery, a cornerstone of cogeneration, is facilitated by components such as heat exchangers and recuperators. Condensation economizers, which extract energy from hot smoke released into the atmosphere, are an integral part of cogeneration power plants [40];
- ➢
- Control Systems: Advanced control systems play a pivotal role in optimizing the performance of cogeneration plants. Notable references include the work by [41] on feedback systems and control.
- ➢
- High Efficiency: cogeneration systems are lauded for their high overall efficiency, as documented in studies such as the review by [42] on efficiency improvements in CHP systems;
- ➢
- Energy Cost Savings: economic benefits associated with cogeneration are supported by studies such as the analysis by [43] on the economic potential of CHP in the European Union;
- ➢
- Environmental Benefits: cogeneration’s positive environmental impact is corroborated by research, including the meta-analysis by [44] on the life cycle assessment of CHP technologies.
2.3. Characteristics of the Biomass Energy Sector
3. Materials and Methods
- ➢
- Thermal power of cogeneration biomass power plant;
- ➢
- Electric power of cogeneration biomass power plant.
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Design of Experiment (DOE)
4.2. Discussion
- It highlights the need to find solutions for short-term energy transformation. The world’s scientific and business communities are working hard to develop technologies that will enable the cost-effective substitution of fossil fuels. However, the state should not wait for these technologies and can already initiate some activities to transform the energy system. This article proposes the use of biomass as a renewable resource suitable both for energy production and for balancing the energy system in the interim period until large-scale energy production technologies are developed. This resource is suitable for decentralizing the energy system, empowering the regions, and, above all, expanding the green production portfolio;
- A decentralized regional biomass market structure is in place. The structure brings together the main factors that are influenced by biomass deployment in each area. The framework assesses the regions of biofuel activity, the volumes of local fuels they use, and the environment they are exposed to and identifies under-researched factors that can have a significant impact on the success of market players. Based on this framework, it is possible to identify value-adding regions, the volume of value generated in terms of increasing domestic biomass production and decreasing energy imports, and the direction of cash flows generated by the substitution of domestic production for imports. This structure demonstrates that the biomass sector is in line with the principles of sustainable development at all levels and that the production and supply processes are exclusive to companies in each region;
- An experimental design has been developed to assess the cost-effectiveness of biomass utilization. Based on the Baltic states, CHP plants were selected to find the optimal mix of energy production. The paper emphasizes that the plants should be located in regional centers with high levels of thermal energy consumption. This allows more of the by-product—electricity—to be fed into the national grid. In addition, it highlights the potential prospect of balancing the energy system, thus enabling further improvements in plant profitability.
- ➢
- Biomass production standards being set;
- ➢
- Intermediate steps in energy transformation being planned;
- ➢
- Promotion of biomass use in regional centers (CHP) and the rest of the country (heat generation);
- ➢
- Development of biogas to promote better use of waste.
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Onshore Wind Energy | Solar Energy | Offshore Wind Energy | Biomass Energy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of fuel | Local renewable | Local renewable | Local renewable | Local renewable |
Product of energy | Electricity | Electricity/hot water | Electricity | Heat/electricity/biogas |
Time of power plant construction, years | 5–7 | 2–3 | 7–10 | 1–3 (conversion of fossil fuel power plants) |
Efficiency of power plant, % | 45 | 29 | 70 | 40 (part of electricity) |
Price, mln. EUR/MW | 2.5 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 0.5 (part of electricity) |
Service time, years | 25 | 25 | 30 | 25 |
The need for balancing | Necessary | Necessary | Requirable | Can be used for balancing |
Type | Geothermal Energy | Electricity (Heat Pumps) | Biogas | Biomass Energy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Type of fuel | Local renewable | Local/imported renewable/non-renewable | Local renewable | Local renewable |
Product of energy | Heat/electricity | Heat | Heat/electricity/biomethane | Heat/electricity/cool |
Time of power plant construction, years | 5–6 | 1–2 | 2–3 | 1–3 (conversion of fossil fuel power plants) |
Efficiency of power plant, % | 50 * | 70 | 85 (part of heat) | 105 (part of heat) ** |
Price, mln. EUR/MW | 1 | 0.8 | 0.7 (part of heat) | 0.3 (part of heat) |
Service time, years | 25 | 25 | 20 | 25 |
Type | Biomethane | Hydrogen |
---|---|---|
Type of fuel | Local renewable | Local renewable |
Product of energy | Heat, gas for household needs, fuel for agriculture needs | Car fuel, gas for manufacturing |
Time of power plant construction, years | 2 | ? |
Efficiency of power plant, % | 65 | ? |
Price, mln. EUR/MWh | 136 | 20 |
Service time, years | 20 | ? |
Experiment Number | Processing Valuables | Electricity Price, EUR ct./kWh | |
---|---|---|---|
TP, MW | EP, MW | ||
Low level (−1) | 20 | 4 | |
Medium level (0) | 30 | 8 | |
High level (+1) | 40 | 12 | |
1 | 0 | 0 | 11.5 |
2 | 1 | −1 | 12 |
3 | 0 | 0 | 10 |
4 | −1 | 1 | 8.5 |
5 | −1 | 0 | 9 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 10.1 |
7 | 0 | 0 | 10.5 |
8 | 0 | −1 | 10.8 |
9 | 0 | 0 | 9.8 |
10 | 1 | 1 | 7.9 |
11 | 0 | 1 | 8.6 |
12 | −1 | −1 | 9.7 |
13 | 1 | 0 | 9.6 |
Term | Coef | SE Coef | T-Value | p-Value | VIF |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Constant | 0.49 | 0.247 | 41.48 | 0.000 | |
Heat | 0.569 | 0.243 | 1.58 | 0.039 | 1.00 |
Electricity | 0.474 | 0.243 | 5.14 | 0.001 | 1.00 |
Heat*Heat | −0.00643 | 0.358 | −1.80 | 0.016 | 1.17 |
Electricity*Electricity | −0.0152 | 0.358 | −0.68 | 0.019 | 1.17 |
Heat*Electricity | −0.01813 | 0.298 | −2.44 | 0.045 | 1.00 |
S | R-sq | R-sq (adj) | R-sq (pred) |
---|---|---|---|
0.595360 | 99.19% | 98.61% | 96.72% |
Source | DF | Adj SS | Adj MS | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model | 5 | 14.2711 | 2.8542 | 8.05 | 0.008 |
Linear | 2 | 10.2567 | 5.1283 | 14.47 | 0.003 |
Heat | 1 | 0.8817 | 0.8817 | 2.49 | 0.159 |
Electricity | 1 | 9.3750 | 9.3750 | 26.45 | 0.001 |
Square | 2 | 1.9120 | 0.9560 | 2.70 | 0.135 |
Heat*Heat | 1 | 1.1423 | 1.1423 | 3.22 | 0.116 |
Electricity*Electricity | 1 | 0.1632 | 0.1632 | 0.46 | 0.419 |
2-Way Interaction | 1 | 2.1025 | 2.1025 | 5.93 | 0.045 |
Heat*Electricity | 1 | 2.1025 | 2.1025 | 5.93 | 0.045 |
Error | 7 | 2.4812 | 0.3545 | ||
Lack-of-Fit | 3 | 0.6532 | 0.2177 | 0.48 | 0.716 |
Pure Error | 4 | 1.8280 | 0.4570 | ||
Total | 12 | 16.7523 |
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Svazas, M.; Navickas, V. Energy Transformation Development Strategies: Evaluation of Asset Conversion in the Regions. Energies 2024, 17, 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071612
Svazas M, Navickas V. Energy Transformation Development Strategies: Evaluation of Asset Conversion in the Regions. Energies. 2024; 17(7):1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071612
Chicago/Turabian StyleSvazas, Mantas, and Valentinas Navickas. 2024. "Energy Transformation Development Strategies: Evaluation of Asset Conversion in the Regions" Energies 17, no. 7: 1612. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071612