Potential Use of Industrial Biomass Waste as a Sustainable Energy Source in the Future
<p>The general cycle of biomass energy.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Global primary energy consumption (2000–2021) [<a href="#B25-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">25</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Global primary energy consumption in 2021 by country [<a href="#B26-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">26</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Global energy consumption (2000–2019) and a forecast until 2050 [<a href="#B27-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">27</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Global production of bioenergy (2009–2020) [<a href="#B28-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">28</a>].</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Global biomass primary energy consumption (2000–2019) [<a href="#B29-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">29</a>].</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Global electricity production from biomass (2000–2019) [<a href="#B30-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">30</a>].</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Global waste-to-energy market value forecast (2019–2027) [<a href="#B33-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">33</a>].</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Global production of waste for energy (2000–2019) [<a href="#B34-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">34</a>].</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Global total energy supply from renewables and waste [<a href="#B35-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">35</a>].</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Global clean energy investment in the period 2015–2021 and forecasts for 2030 [<a href="#B37-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">37</a>].</p> "> Figure 12
<p>The main biomass sources [<a href="#B9-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">9</a>].</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Biomass conversion into bioproducts [<a href="#B79-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">79</a>,<a href="#B80-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">80</a>,<a href="#B81-energies-16-01783" class="html-bibr">81</a>].</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biomass Availability and the Current Global Energy Situation
3. Classification, Types, and Sources of Biomass
4. Biomass Energy Classification and Conversion Methods
5. Energy Aspects of Biomass
6. Barriers to the Use of Biomass Materials
7. The Future Scope of Biomass Waste Energy Source
8. Conclusions
- An analysis of the cycle of biomass energy,
- biomass availability and the current global energy situation,
- the growing global demand for energy,
- the increasing shift from conventional fossil sources to renewable biomass energy,
- the growing volume of bioenergy production in the world,
- the growing use of waste for energy production,
- the growing total energy supply from renewable energy sources and waste,
- the growing global volume of investment in green energy technologies,
- types and sources of biomass materials,
- benefits of using biomass waste materials,
- the possibility of using various types of waste materials from biomass for the purification of the aquatic environment,
- an energy analysis of biomass materials,
- available biomass conversion technologies, including mechanical, thermal and biochemical,
- barriers to the use of biomass materials,
- the future scope of biomass waste energy sources.
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Biomass | Species and Varieties |
---|---|
Wood and woody biomass | Wood industrial waste, forest waste, branches, stems, chips, foliage, lumps, pellets, briquettes, sawdust, bark, sawmill, and others from various wood species |
Herbaceous biomass | Flowers and grasses (bamboo, brassica, timothy, alfalfa, miscanthus, switchgrass, cane, arundo, bana, cynara, others); straws (sunflower, mint, bean, barley, flax, oat, sesame, wheat, corn, rice, rape, rye, others); other residues (husks, fruits, grains, vegetables, coir, pips, cakes, bagasse, fodder, pits, hulls, pulps, kernels, seeds, shells, stalks, cobs, food, etc.) |
Aquatic biomass | Freshwater or marine algae, microalgae or macroalgae, kelp, lake weed, seaweed, water hyacinth, etc. |
Animal and human waste biomass | Various manures, meat-bone meal, bones, etc. |
Type of Biomass | C [%] | O [%] | H [%] | S [%] | N [%] | Volatile Matter [%] | Fixed Carbon [%] | Moisture [%] | Ash [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wood and woody biomass | 49–57 | 32–45 | 5–10 | <1–1 | <1–1 | 30–80 | 6–25 | 5–63 | 1–8 |
Herbaceous biomass | 42–58 | 34–49 | 3–9 | <1–1 | <1–3 | 41–77 | 9–35 | 4–48 | 1–19 |
Aquatic biomass | 27–43 | 34–46 | 4–6 | 1–3 | 1–3 | 42–53 | 22–33 | 8–14 | 11–38 |
Animal and human waste biomass | 57–61 | 21–25 | 7–8 | 1–2 | 6–12 | 43–62 | 12–13 | 3–9 | 23–34 |
Biomass mixtures | 45–71 | 16–46 | 6–11 | <1–2 | 1–6 | 41–79 | 1–15 | 3–38 | 3–43 |
Biomass Waste/Ref. | HHV [MJ/kg] | Biomass Waste/Ref. | HHV [MJ/kg] | Biomass Waste/Ref. | HHV [MJ/kg] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corn stover [43] | 17.8 | Sugarcane bagasse [13] | 20 | Sugarcane leaves [13] | 20 |
Corncob [43] | 17.0 | Sunflower shell [43] | 18.0 | Banana peel [13] | 17.4 |
Beech wood [43] | 19.2 | Barley straw [13] | 18.16 | Ailanthus wood [43] | 19.0 |
Wheat shoot [13] | 17.15 | Hazelnut shell [43] | 20.2 | Wood bark [43] | 20.5 |
Olive husk [43] | 20.9 | Walnut shell [43] | 21.6 | Wood chips [44] | 20.9 |
Bagasse [44] | 21.2 | Straw [44] | 15.2 | Rice husk [44] | 15.1 |
Pine bark [44] | 20.4 | Cotton stalks [44] | 19.0 | Black coffee husks [44] | 18.6 |
Pine sawdust [45] | 18.3 | Tucuma seed [45] | 20.8 | Ground nut shell [46] | 19.7 |
Soya stalk [46] | 19.1 | Saw dust [46] | 17.7 | Palm frond [46] | 14.5 |
Press mud [46] | 14.9 | Forest leaves [46] | 12.2 | Palm leaves [46] | 15.4 |
Bamboo leaves [47] | 15.7 | Coconut husk [47] | 15.9 | Elephant grass [47] | 15.1 |
Typha [47] | 15.8 | Castor stalk [47] | 14.6 | Ipomea [47] | 15.3 |
Sunhemp [47] | 15.9 | Sesbania [47] | 14.4 | Bringle residue [47] | 12.3 |
Tomato residue [47] | 11.3 | Capsicum residue [47] | 13.0 | Kanjaru weed [47] | 9.8 |
Su baval [47] | 16.8 | Perry grass [47] | 14.5 | Okhara residue [47] | 12.4 |
Eucheuma seaweed [47] | 8.9 | Spirullina powder [47] | 19.5 | Algae powder Spirogyra [47] | 5.1 |
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Kalak, T. Potential Use of Industrial Biomass Waste as a Sustainable Energy Source in the Future. Energies 2023, 16, 1783. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041783
Kalak T. Potential Use of Industrial Biomass Waste as a Sustainable Energy Source in the Future. Energies. 2023; 16(4):1783. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041783
Chicago/Turabian StyleKalak, Tomasz. 2023. "Potential Use of Industrial Biomass Waste as a Sustainable Energy Source in the Future" Energies 16, no. 4: 1783. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041783