A Novel Switching Table for a Modified Three-Level Inverter-Fed DTC Drive with Torque and Flux Ripple Minimization
<p>Block diagram of a conventional direct torque control (DTC) drive.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The structure of a general three-level (3L) inverter.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The proposed stator flux plane and the voltage vectors of a 3L inverter.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The structure of a PI speed controller for a DTC drive.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) The proposed five-level torque controller and (<b>b</b>) the three-level flux hysteresis controller.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Synthesis vector diagram [<a href="#B38-energies-13-04646" class="html-bibr">38</a>].</p> "> Figure 7
<p>A high-level control scheme of (<b>a</b>) conventional, (<b>b</b>) vector synthesis and (<b>c</b>) proposed DTC drives. HP: horsepower.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Simulation results for 20 rpm under 15 N·m load torque disturbance: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) rotor speed response; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) motor torque; (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) stator flux; (<b>j</b>–<b>l</b>) input current; (<b>m</b>–<b>o</b>) line voltage.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Simulation results for 1000 rpm under 15 N·m load torque disturbance: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) rotor speed response; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) motor torque; (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) stator flux; (<b>j</b>–<b>l</b>) input current; (<b>m</b>–<b>o</b>) line voltage.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Simulation results for 2000 rpm under 15 N·m load torque disturbances: (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) rotor speed response; (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) motor torque; (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) stator flux; (<b>j</b>–<b>l</b>) input current; (<b>m</b>–<b>o</b>) line voltage.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Current in the neutral point connection (<b>a</b>) and voltage over an inverter gate (<b>b</b>) during the speed command of 2000 rpm and load-torque disturbance.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Stator flux trajectories in <math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>α</mi> <mi>β</mi> </mrow> </semantics></math> axes for (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) 20 rpm, (<b>d</b>–<b>f</b>) 1000 rpm, (<b>g</b>–<b>i</b>) 2000 rpm (with flux weakening).</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Total harmonic distortions (THD%) in different scenarios.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Induction Motor Equations
3. Three-Level Inverter Fed DTC Strategies
3.1. Proposed DTC Model
- Torque error is large and positive
- Torque error is small and positive
- Torque error is acceptable
- Torque error is small and negative
- Torque error is large and negative
- Flux error is positive
- Flux error is acceptable
- Flux error is negative
- *
- [1 1 1], [1 0 0], [1 1 0], [0 1 0], [0 1 1], [0 0 1], [1 0 1].
3.2. Voltage Vector Synthesis Strategy
4. Simulation Results and Discussion
4.1. Low-Speed Performance; 20 rpm
4.2. Normal-Speed Performance; 1000 rpm
4.3. High-Speed Performance; 2000 rpm
4.4. Total Harmonic Distortion THD%
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
List of Symbols: | |
Actual, reference, and nominal stator flux | |
Stator voltage and current vector | |
Actual and reference Electromagnetic torques | |
Voltage and current in abc frame | |
Nominal and rotor speeds | |
Voltage and current in frame | |
Stator and rotor resistances | |
Stator flux components in frame | |
Stator, rotor, and mutual inductances | |
Stator flux angle | |
Integral and proportional gains | |
Torque and flux hysteresis commands | |
p | Motor pole pairs |
Revolutions per minute | |
Weber (unit) | |
Milli henry (unit) | |
Kilowatt (Unit) | |
Horse power (unit) | |
Newton-meter (Unit) | |
Hertz (unit) | |
List of Acronyms: | |
PIC | Proportional integral controller |
DTC | Direct torque control |
THD | Total harmonic distortion |
FOC | Field oriented control |
3L-NPC | Three-level neutral-point clamped |
MLI | Multi-level inverter |
References
- Sun, X.; Diao, K.; Yang, Z.; Lei, G.; Guo, Y.; Zhu, J. Direct Torque Control Based on a Fast Modeling Method for a Segmented-Rotor Switched Reluctance Motor in HEV Application. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 2019. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Casadei, D.; Profumo, F.; Serra, G.; Tani, A. FOC and DTC: Two viable schemes for induction motors torque control. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2002, 17, 779–787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhu, J. Direct Torque Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor With Reduced Torque Ripple and Commutation Frequency. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2011, 26, 235–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buja, G.; Kazmierkowski, M. Direct torque control of PWM inverter-fed AC motors—A survey. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2004, 51, 744–757. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Q.; Deng, J.; Fu, N. Minimum Copper Loss Direct Torque Control of Brushless DC Motor Drive in Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 113264–113271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan, D.; Zhang, X.; Foo, G.H.B. Generalized DTC Strategy for Multilevel Inverter Fed IPMSMs With Constant Inverter Switching Frequency and Reduced Torque Ripples. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2017, 32, 1031–1041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yan, N.; Cao, X.; Deng, Z. Direct Torque Control for Switched Reluctance Motor to Obtain High Torque–Ampere Ratio. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2019, 66, 5144–5152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Farajpour, Y. Modifying the Structure of a Fuzzy Controller to Improve Speed Estimation Response in Rotor-Flux MRAS DTC Drive. Int. J. Sci. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol. (IJSRSET) 2018, 4, 248–258. [Google Scholar]
- Holakooie, M.H.; Ojaghi, M.; Taheri, A. Modified DTC of a Six-Phase Induction Motor With a Second-Order Sliding-Mode MRAS-Based Speed Estimator. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2019, 34, 600–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foo, G.; Sayeef, S.; Rahman, M. Low-Speed and Standstill Operation of a Sensorless Direct Torque and Flux Controlled IPM Synchronous Motor Drive. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2010, 25, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsofyani, I.; Kim, K.; Lee, S.; Lee, K. A Modified Flux Regulation Method to Minimize Switching Frequency and Improve DTC-Hysteresis-Based Induction Machines in Low-Speed Regions. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 2019, 7, 2346–2355. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsofyani, I.; Idris, N. Simple Flux Regulation for Improving State Estimation at Very Low and Zero Speed of a Speed Sensorless Direct Torque Control of an Induction Motor. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2016, 31, 3027–3035. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lascu, C.; Trzynadlowski, A. A sensorless hybrid DTC drive for high-volume low-cost applications. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2004, 51, 1048–1055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.; Blaabjerg, F. Sensorless DTC-SVM for Induction Motor Driven by a Matrix Converter Using a Parameter Estimation Strategy. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2008, 55, 512–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lascu, C.; Trzynadlowski, A. Combining the principles of sliding mode, direct torque control, and space-vector modulation in a high-performance sensorless AC drive. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2004, 40, 170–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lascu, C.; Jafarzadeh, S.; Fadali, M.S.; Blaabjerg, F. Direct Torque Control With Feedback Linearization for Induction Motor Drives. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2017, 32, 2072–2080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.; Choi, C.; Seok, J.; Lorenz, R. Deadbeat-Direct Torque and Flux Control of Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines With Discrete Time Stator Current and Stator Flux Linkage Observer. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2011, 47, 1749–1758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, X.; Hu, C.; Lei, G.; Guo, Y.; Zhu, J. State Feedback Control for a PM Hub Motor Based on Gray Wolf Optimization Algorithm. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2020, 35, 1136–1146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Habibullah, M.; Lu, D.D.; Xiao, D.; Rahman, M.F. A Simplified Finite-State Predictive Direct Torque Control for Induction Motor Drive. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2016, 63, 3964–3975. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Sun, X.; Chen, L.; Yang, Z.; Zhu, H. Speed-Sensorless Vector Control of a Bearingless Induction Motor With Artificial Neural Network Inverse Speed Observer. IEEE/ASME Trans. Mech. 2013, 18, 1357–1366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vafaie, M.; Dehkordi, B.; Moallem, P.; Kiyoumarsi, A. Minimizing Torque and Flux Ripples and Improving Dynamic Response of PMSM Using a Voltage Vector With Optimal Parameters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2016, 63, 3876–3888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cho, Y.; Bak, Y.; Lee, K. Torque-Ripple Reduction and Fast Torque Response Strategy for Predictive Torque Control of Induction Motors. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2018, 33, 2458–2470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alsofyani, I.; Bak, Y.; Lee, K. Fast Torque Control and Minimized Sector-Flux Droop for Constant Frequency Torque Controller Based DTC of Induction Machines. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2019, 34, 12141–12153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan, D.; Zhang, X.; Foo, G. A Simple Duty Cycle Control Strategy to Reduce Torque Ripples and Improve Low-Speed Performance of a Three-Level Inverter Fed DTC IPMSM Drive. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2017, 64, 2709–2721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, F. A Simple and Practical Duty Cycle Modulated Direct Torque Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2019, 34, 1572–1579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hakami, S.; Alsofyani, I.; Lee, K. Torque Ripple Reduction and Flux-Droop Minimization of DTC With Improved Interleaving CSFTC of IM Fed by Three-Level NPC Inverter. IEEE Access 2019, 7, 184266–184275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan, D.; Zhang, X.; Foo, G. Three-Level Inverter-Fed Direct Torque Control of IPMSM With Constant Switching Frequency and Torque Ripple Reduction. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2016, 63, 7908–7918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodriguez, J.; Bernet, S.; Wu, B.; Pontt, J.; Kouro, S. Multilevel Voltage-Source-Converter Topologies for Industrial Medium-Voltage Drives. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2007, 54, 2930–2945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yao, W.; Hu, H.; Lu, Z. Comparisons of Space-Vector Modulation and Carrier-Based Modulation of Multilevel Inverter. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2008, 23, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Busquets-Monge, S.; Alepuz, S.; Bordonau, J.; Peracaula, J. Voltage Balancing Control of Diode-Clamped Multilevel Converters With Passive Front-Ends. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2008, 23, 1751–1758. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dalessandro, L.; Round, S.; Kolar, J. Center-Point Voltage Balancing of Hysteresis Current Controlled Three-Level PWM Rectifiers. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2008, 23, 2477–2488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Naganathan, P.; Srinivas, S.; Ittamveettil, H. Five-level torque controller-based DTC method for a cascaded three-level inverter fed induction motor drive. IET Power Electron. 2017, 10, 1223–1230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Toro, X.; Garcia, A.; Arias, M.; Jayne, P. Witting Direct Torque Control of Induction Motors Utilizing Three-Level Voltage Source Inverters. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2008, 55, 956–958. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sapin, A.; Steimer, P.; Simond, J. Modeling, Simulation, and Test of a Three-Level Voltage-Source Inverter With Output LC Filter and Direct Torque Control. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2007, 43, 469–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Q.; Ge, X.; Liu, Y.; Hou, M. Improved switching-table-based DTC strategy for the post-fault three-level NPC inverter-fed induction motor drives. IET Electr. Power Appl. 2018, 12, 71–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, S.; Li, C.; Che, C.; Xu, D. Direct Torque Control for 2L-VSI PMSM Using Switching Instant Table. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2018, 65, 9410–9420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, Z.; Zhu, C.; Jin, X.; Shi, W.; Zhao, R. Hybrid Space Vector Modulation Strategy for Torque Ripple Minimization in Three-Phase Four-Switch Inverter-Fed PMSM Drives. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2017, 64, 2122–2134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Zhu, J.; Zhao, Z.; Xu, W.; Dorrell, D. An Improved Direct Torque Control for Three-Level Inverter-Fed Induction Motor Sensorless Drive. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2012, 27, 1502–1513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, K.; Suh, Y. Analysis and Control of Neutral-Point Deviation in Three-Level NPC Converter Under Unbalanced Three-Phase AC Grid. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2019, 55, 4944–4955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foo, G.H.B.; Zhang, X. Robust Direct Torque Control of Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drives in the Field-Weakening Region. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2017, 32, 1289–1298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sec.1 | Sec.2 | Sec.3 | Sec.4 | Sec.5 | Sec.6 | Sec.7 | Sec.8 | Sec.9 | Sec.10 | Sec.11 | Sec.12 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
1 | |||||||||||||
0 | |||||||||||||
−1 | |||||||||||||
−2 | |||||||||||||
0 | 2 | ||||||||||||
1 | |||||||||||||
0 | |||||||||||||
−1 | |||||||||||||
−2 | |||||||||||||
−1 | 2 | ||||||||||||
1 | |||||||||||||
0 | |||||||||||||
−1 | |||||||||||||
−2 |
Vector | Synthesization Sequence |
---|---|
VS1 | 111-211-210-200-100-200-210-211 |
VS2 | 111-110-210-220-221-220-210-110 |
VS3 | 111-110-120-220-221-220-120-110 |
VS4 | 111-121-120-020-010-020-120-121 |
VS5 | 111-121-021-020-010-020-021-121 |
VS6 | 111-011-021-022-122-022-021-011 |
VS7 | 111-011-012-022-122-022-012-011 |
VS8 | 111-112-012-002-001-002-012-112 |
VS9 | 111-112-102-002-001-002-102-112 |
VS10 | 111-101-102-202-212-202-102-101 |
VS11 | 111-101-201-202-212-202-201-101 |
VS12 | 111-211-201-200-100-200-201-211 |
Vector Number | ||
---|---|---|
+1 | +1 | k + 2 |
0 | ||
−1 | k − 2 | |
0 | +1 | k + 3 |
0 | ||
−1 | k − 3 | |
−1 | +1 | k + 4 |
0 | ||
−1 | k − 4 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Nominal power (HP/Kw) | |
Nominal speed (rpm) | |
Line voltage (V) | |
Stator and rotor resistances (m) | |
Stator and rotor inductances (mH) | |
Matual inductance (mH) | |
Nominal stator flux (Wb) | |
Friction factor (N·m·s) | |
Rotor and load inertia (kg·m) | |
Number of pole pairs | |
Sampling Time (s) | and 10 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Farajpour, Y.; Alzayed, M.; Chaoui, H.; Kelouwani, S. A Novel Switching Table for a Modified Three-Level Inverter-Fed DTC Drive with Torque and Flux Ripple Minimization. Energies 2020, 13, 4646. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184646
Farajpour Y, Alzayed M, Chaoui H, Kelouwani S. A Novel Switching Table for a Modified Three-Level Inverter-Fed DTC Drive with Torque and Flux Ripple Minimization. Energies. 2020; 13(18):4646. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184646
Chicago/Turabian StyleFarajpour, Yashar, Mohamad Alzayed, Hicham Chaoui, and Sousso Kelouwani. 2020. "A Novel Switching Table for a Modified Three-Level Inverter-Fed DTC Drive with Torque and Flux Ripple Minimization" Energies 13, no. 18: 4646. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184646