A Distributed Energy Trading Authentication Mechanism Based on a Consortium Blockchain
<p>Six-layer structure of blockchain.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Logical structure diagram of Hyperledger Fabric.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Blockchain framework in DRE trading authentication.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Energy transaction sequence diagram.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Logical structure diagram of the participants.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>The performance of the throughput and latency.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Throughput Comparison.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Impact of message count on throughput.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Impact of block size on throughput.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- This paper proposes a blockchain-based transaction authentication model, which is, in accordance with the transaction principle, divided into two stages, namely the off-chain certification stage and on-chain certification stage, and reduces the credit costs in the process of DRE transactions.
- (2)
- A certificate authority (CA) is introduced in the blockchain network to achieve privilege control and supervision of transaction parties by controlling the public and private keys of the participants.
- (3)
- A power unit chaincode, generating unit chaincode, matching unit chaincode, and the matchmaking trading chaincode are designed and deployed in the framework (Hyperledger Fabric v1.1) of a consortium blockchain to simulate the process of transaction authentication.
- (4)
- Hyperledger Caliper is used to evaluate the performance of the above model and results prove that while ensuring data security and information transparency, this model can improve the efficiency of transaction, thus reduce the transacting time of distributed energy.
2. Blockchain and Hyperledger
2.1. Blockchain Technology
- Data layer: This layer mainly solves the problems of how data in the block is combined together, and encapsulates the underlying technologies including time stamps, hash functions, asymmetric encryption technology, and the chain structure of the data block [30], which lays a solid foundation for the superstructure of the blockchain network.
- Network layer: This layer encapsulates P2P networking mechanism, data transmission mechanism and data verification mechanism. Due to the equal rights and obligations of each node in the blockchain network, and the flat topology structure of communication and interaction, the data transmission in the network and the verification of new blocks are carried out between each node. Only when the verification is accomplished by more than 51% of users in the network, new blocks can be added to the main chain [31].
- Consensus layer: This layer mainly includes the consensus algorithm and consensus mechanism, which is the basis of distributed nodes in the whole blockchain network to judge the effectiveness of the same block. Currently, there are three common consensus mechanisms: POW (proof of work), POS (proof of stake), and DPOS (delegate proof of stake).
- Incentive layer: each blockchain system has its unique economic incentive and token allocation system to encourage the nodes in the blockchain network to jointly maintain the blockchain network [32].
- Contract layer: The blockchain has a programmable feature that allows scripts, algorithms, and smart contracts to be included in each block. The smart contract allows the blockchain system to automatically trigger the execution of contract content under constraints without additional manual intervention. This layer greatly expands the application scenario of the blockchain, making blockchain one of the technologies to reduce the cost of credit [33].
- Application layer: This layer is a specific application scenario of blockchain. With the development of blockchain 1.0 (peer-to-peer digital encrypted monetary system) and blockchain 2.0 (programmable finance) [34], the application of blockchain technology has gradually extended from currency and finance to other domains, including energy, Internet of things, network security, medical treatment, legal notarization, and copyright authentication, to where the technology will step into the era of blockchain 3.0, namely, the programmable society [35].
2.2. Hyperledger Fabric
- Peer: A network entity that is used to maintain a ledger and can read and write operations on the ledger, which according to functions, can be divided into an anchor peer, endorsing peer, committing peer, and leading peer.
- (1)
- Endorsing peer: Mainly responsible for the verification of transactions. When the node receives a transaction request sent by a client, the validity of the transaction will be verified and the result will be fed back to the client after a successful verification.
- (2)
- Commitment peer: Mainly responsible for maintaining the ledger structure of the blockchain. This node will periodically acquire the blocks containing transactions from the orderer node and add the verified blocks to the blockchain after legal issuance and verification of these blocks.
- (3)
- Anchor peer: Responsible for communication between members. Each member possesses at least one anchor peer.
- (4)
- Leading Peer: Responsible for communicating with the ordering service on behalf of Member to obtain block information. There is only one leading peer for the entire member.
- Orderer: Responsible for the sorting and packaging of legitimate transactions received in the network.
- Chaincode: The application code in Hyperledger Fabric is derived from the concept of “smart contracts”, which runs in isolated containers and provides different invocation commands to implement logic in the business.
- Channel: The private blockchain used in the Fabric network for data privacy and isolation. Each channel maintains its own ledger, and the state of the ledger in the channel is maintained by all members who join the channel.
- Ledger: Store all verifiable transaction information in a chain structure, jointly maintained by nodes in the same channel.
- Member: A legally separate entity that owns a unique root certificate for the network. Network components, such as peer nodes and application clients, will be linked to a member.
- CA: Mainly provides authority management service in Fabric and responsible for providing registration services and issuing certificates to computer nodes or users who join Fabric.
2.3. Blockchain Technology in Multi-Energy Trading Work
3. Framework of DRE Transaction Authentication
3.1. Off-Chain Authentication Stage
3.2. On-Chain Authentication Stage
4. Formulation of the Chaincode
4.1. Power Unit Chaincode
4.2. Generating Unit Chaincode
4.3. Matching Unit Chaincode
4.4. The Matchmaking Trading Chaincode
5. Case Study
5.1. Deploying the Matching Unit Chaincode
5.2. Deploying the Power Unit Chaincode
5.3. Deploying the Generating Unit Chaincode
5.4. Deploying the Matchmaking Trading Chaincode
5.5. Performance Evaluation
5.5.1. Transaction Processing Capability
5.5.2. Block Generating Policy
5.5.3. Information Transparency
5.6. Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Hyperledger Caliper Pressure Test Results
Test | Name | Succ | Fail | Send Rate | Max Latency | Min Latency | Avg Latency | Throughput |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | query | 1000 | 0 | 100 tps | 0.19 s | 0.04 s | 0.12 s | 100 tps |
2 | query | 1000 | 0 | 110 tps | 0.23 s | 0.06 s | 0.17 s | 110 tps |
3 | query | 1000 | 0 | 120 tps | 0.38 s | 0.03 s | 0.20 s | 120 tps |
4 | query | 1000 | 0 | 130 tps | 0.47 s | 0.06 s | 0.24 s | 130 tps |
5 | query | 1000 | 0 | 140 tps | 0.49 s | 0.12 s | 0.27 s | 140 tps |
6 | query | 1000 | 0 | 150 tps | 0.52 s | 0.17 s | 0.31 s | 146 tps |
7 | query | 1000 | 0 | 160 tps | 0.61 s | 0.26 s | 0.36 s | 151 tps |
8 | query | 1000 | 0 | 170 tps | 0.69 s | 0.29 s | 0.37 s | 170 tps |
9 | query | 1000 | 0 | 180 tps | 0.59 s | 0.28 s | 0.41 s | 178 tps |
10 | query | 1000 | 0 | 190 tps | 0.63 s | 0.20 s | 0.42 s | 186 tps |
11 | query | 1000 | 0 | 200 tps | 0.77 s | 0.27 s | 0.44 s | 195 tps |
12 | query | 1000 | 0 | 210 tps | 0.89 s | 0.25 s | 0.45 s | 204 tps |
13 | query | 1000 | 0 | 220 tps | 0.96 s | 0.32 s | 0.56 s | 206 tps |
14 | query | 1000 | 0 | 230 tps | 0.89 s | 0.49 s | 0.61 s | 221 tps |
15 | query | 1000 | 0 | 240 tps | 1.02 s | 0.50 s | 0.69 s | 230 tps |
16 | query | 1000 | 0 | 250 tps | 1.38 s | 0.43 s | 0.73 s | 243 tps |
17 | query | 1000 | 0 | 260 tps | 1.59 s | 0.91 s | 1.17 s | 247 tps |
18 | query | 1000 | 0 | 270 tps | 2.12 s | 0.94 s | 1.69 s | 245 tps |
19 | query | 1000 | 0 | 280 tps | 3.95 s | 0.99 s | 2.02 s | 249 tps |
20 | query | 1000 | 0 | 290 tps | 4.87 s | 1.01 s | 3.12 s | 243 tps |
21 | query | 1000 | 0 | 300 tps | 5.34 s | 1.23 s | 3.51 s | 243 tps |
22 | query | 1000 | 0 | 340 tps | 7.25 s | 1.93 s | 4.64 s | 244 tps |
23 | query | 1000 | 0 | 380 tps | 8.58 s | 2.32 s | 5.75 s | 247 tps |
24 | query | 1000 | 0 | 420 tps | 9.10 s | 2.49 s | 6.36 s | 246 tps |
25 | query | 1000 | 0 | 460 tps | 10.36 s | 2.87 s | 7.77 s | 249 tps |
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Item | Meaning |
---|---|
Sλ | Encryption rules to be followed when the CA generates its own private key |
MU | Matching Unit, which is responsible for issuing certificates for user units and providing member services |
MPK | MU’s own major private key |
PKr | Private key set of user units |
GU | Generating unit, which is a collection of generation users |
PU | Power unit, which is a collection of power units |
Sig1 | User signature generated by the PU using its own private key |
Sig2 | User signature generated by GU using its own private key |
Attr | Attribute collection for each user unit |
ID | ID number of each user unit |
Q | Planned generation capacity of PU |
P | Electricity price per kWh |
Ts | Timestamp indicating the time when the transaction was reached |
Dt | Delivery time |
Rand | Accompanied by the selection of the corresponding power unit, generating unit, and matching unit, which is generated by a hash function |
Dem | Energy demand information published by the power unit |
Sup | Energy supply information published by the generating unit |
Ord | Order generated after matching supply and demand information |
Rec | Transaction record |
Parameter | Type | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Power unit address | Byte | Account address of the power unit |
Power unit ID | Byte | ID of the power unit |
Energy demand information | Byte | Generated by the power unit chaincode |
Signature | Byte | Generated by the private key of power unit |
Delivery time | Int64 | Determined by power unit |
Parameter | Type | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Generating unit address | Byte | Account address of the generating unit |
Generating unit ID | Byte | ID of the generating unit |
Energy sale information | Byte | Generated by the generating unit chaincode |
Signature | Byte | Generated by the private key of generating unit |
Delivery time | Int64 | Determined by generating unit |
Electricity supply | Float64 | Planned sales of generating unit |
Price of energy | Float64 | Energy price per kWh |
Parameter | Type | Meaning |
---|---|---|
User name | Byte | Name of the user or juridical person of the company |
Corporate name | Byte | Part of user information |
User type | Byte | Part of user information |
User address | Byte | Wallet account address |
User private key | Byte | User private key |
ID number | Int32 | Part of the user information |
Unit ID | Int32 | User number in the trading network |
Parameter | Type | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Generating unit address | Byte | Account address of the generating Unit |
Generating unit ID | Byte | ID of the generating unit |
Power unit address | Byte | Account address of the power unit |
Power unit ID | Byte | ID of the power unit |
Transaction record | Byte | Transaction records in the blockchain |
Hash | Byte | Encrypt order information |
Electricity supply | Float64 | Planned sales of generating unit |
Price of energy | Float64 | Energy price per kWh |
Corporate Name | User Type | Net ID | Address |
---|---|---|---|
Company A | Generating Unit | G0001 | e3cfff020d7ebf0ddd162d386644c8d84cf7304fc686f1c984773d56680bf0e3 |
Company B | Generating Unit | G0002 | fb2ff65e1a1e79a4fae0b3ded3968b3894e352f58d3c69c9d7c8bc0bda9fd53f |
Company C | Generating Unit | G0003 | f4355c55b16a2b0a56cd9e66ebbb46fc9e4b02fe56f79c75cde2626fca4838d5 |
Company D | Power Unit | P0001 | 88db1aaf0b1aee4962e628852213c75094c21530353957d2858b6f73427fb2b |
Company E | Power Unit | P0002 | 2c9a47f798a0c31973d6bd7a89be7fa53357a34f64a3b14f32a7754023161a5a |
Company F | Power Unit | P0003 | 23c08d6e79f9d52d84c259bc2f3dd6c013f8d7095aab4ded2e8d2eb884f02616 |
Net ID | Address | Delivery Time |
---|---|---|
P0001 | 88db1aaf0b1aee4962e628852213c75094c21530353957d2858b6f73427fb2b | 08:00–09:00 |
P0002 | 2c9a47f798a0c31973d6bd7a89be7fa53357a34f64a3b14f32a7754023161a5a | 08:00–09:00 |
P0003 | 23c08d6e79f9d52d84c259bc2f3dd6c013f8d7095aab4ded2e8d2eb884f02616 | 08:00–09:00 |
Net ID | Generate Type | Delivery Time | Supply Quality (kWh) | Price (CNY/kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|
G0001 | Wind | 08:00–09:00 | 610 | 0.56 |
G0002 | Solar | 08:00–09:00 | 270 | 0.99 |
G0003 | Biomass | 08:00–09:00 | 300 | 0.76 |
Parameter | Order Information | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Order Number | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 |
Power unit | P0001 | P0002 | P0002 | P0003 |
Generating unit | G0001 | G0001 | G0003 | G0002 |
Matching unit | M0002 | M0003 | M0001 | M0003 |
Transaction price (CNY/kWh) | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.76 | 0.99 |
Trading electric quantity(kWh) | 310 | 300 | 290 | 270 |
Energy type | Wind | Wind | Biomass | Solar |
Order Number | Hash |
---|---|
01 | ffb0e4fd0a24d28ded0d3140aa2a15862ae24b8958a83cdf9df90492db472519 |
02 | 4c13835ca9e2dc5603e060bc6808fc6d4a2134ea5a4f0f9d25285ac80abcad93 |
03 | f7eaa7fb45f327308a503e0c1d86fdb175a37da50a55a6086e667ff8ee6db57c |
04 | bad1f5c53b343867069277c6d1f0ccdc4bf8cf79fcf610f248fce95328640447 |
Comparison item | Traditional | Public Blockchain | Proposal |
---|---|---|---|
Transaction Record Tracer | Third-party agencies only | All Network nodes | All Network nodes |
Transaction Amount Tracer | Third-party agencies only | All Network nodes | All Network nodes |
User Anonymity | Non-anonymous | Anonymous | Anonymous |
Regulatory Level | High | Low | High |
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Che, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, J.; Qiang, Y.; Ma, Y.; Liu, J. A Distributed Energy Trading Authentication Mechanism Based on a Consortium Blockchain. Energies 2019, 12, 2878. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152878
Che Z, Wang Y, Zhao J, Qiang Y, Ma Y, Liu J. A Distributed Energy Trading Authentication Mechanism Based on a Consortium Blockchain. Energies. 2019; 12(15):2878. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152878
Chicago/Turabian StyleChe, Zheng, Yu Wang, Juanjuan Zhao, Yan Qiang, Yue Ma, and Jihua Liu. 2019. "A Distributed Energy Trading Authentication Mechanism Based on a Consortium Blockchain" Energies 12, no. 15: 2878. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152878