Compact Water-Cooled Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Based on a Portable Gas Stove
<p>Developed stove-powered thermoelectric generator (SPTEG) based on a portable gas stove. (<b>a</b>) SPTEG configuration and experimental setup (<b>b</b>) Photograph of the SPTEG (<b>c</b>) Electric circuit.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Transform efficiency of the DC-DC converters (DDC) (<span class="html-italic">U</span><sub>ld</sub> = 5 V).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Results of the power load test of the SPTEG. (<b>a</b>) Hot end temperature, temperature difference, and input voltage of the DDC (<b>b</b>) Load voltage, load current, load electric power, and total electric power.</p> "> Figure 3 Cont.
<p>Results of the power load test of the SPTEG. (<b>a</b>) Hot end temperature, temperature difference, and input voltage of the DDC (<b>b</b>) Load voltage, load current, load electric power, and total electric power.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparisons of the electric power by each thermoelectric (TE) module per unit temperature difference.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Influence of <span class="html-italic">Z</span> and <span class="html-italic">L</span> on the TE efficiency when the temperatures are maintained unchanged. (<b>a</b>) <span class="html-italic">Z</span>=1.49 × 10<sup>−3</sup> K<sup>−1</sup> (<b>b</b>) <span class="html-italic">L</span>=1.5 mm.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Temperature distribution under the maximum current. (<b>a</b>) Temperature distribution along the leg (<b>b</b>) Temperature difference between the analytical temperature and the corresponding linear result along the leg.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- There are many previous SPTEGs based on biomass burners and furnaces, yet few previous SPTEGs are based on a portable gas stove. Portable gas stoves are used extensively worldwide. Thus, a SPTEG based on portable gas stoves is obviously required.
- (2)
- A compact water-cooled SPTEG should be developed. Large water tanks are used in previous water-cooled SPTEGs [22,23,24,25,26], whereas no radiators and blowers have been incorporated. The heat flux from the cold end must dissipate into the surrounding air eventually. Therefore, the water tank must be sufficiently large, and water temperature must be sufficiently high for the heat flux from the cold end to be equal to the natural heat dissipation rate from the water tank and pipes. However, using a large water tank causes a large volume and mass weight. Moreover, the CHP concept not only provides warm water but also supplies warm air.
- (3)
- The TE efficiency of the SPTEGs should be explored further. In the air-cooled SPTEGs, only one work has presented a theoretically estimated TE efficiency [14]. In the water-cooled SPTEGs, two works have offered an estimated TE efficiency [24] or measured data [26]. Therefore, further measurements of the TE efficiency are required.
- (4)
- A theoretical analysis should be performed to examine whether the SPTEG exerts the potential of every TE module or not. A well designed SPTEG should be capable of generating electric power maximally, that is, the product of TE module number and the electric power for each module. In particular, the electric power loss should be avoided when paralleling the TE modules. Furthermore, the theoretical analysis helps in quantifying various heat fluxes and revealing the underlying parameters that limit the TE efficiency.
2. Methodology
2.1. SPTEGConfiguration
2.2. Experimental Setup and Error Analysis
2.3. Experimental Procedure
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Power Load Feature
3.2. TE Efficiency
- (1)
- The heat collector can incorporate a relatively large number of TE modules (eight TE modules in the present work) into a stove while controlling the hot end temperature within a reasonable range, distributing the temperature evenly, and avoiding possible gaps between the TE modules and the heat collector [16].The present heat collector is already in a plate shape, which indicates that no heat spreading plate is required and that gaps can be eliminated from the design. The temperature distribution and interface heat flux are guaranteed by the large thermal conductivity of copper and the symmetry design.
- (2)
- This device avoids large differences of power generation in different TE module groups. This function is important to exert the potential of every TE module. The present heat collector is straightforward but is an appropriately designed copper plate, which ensures that the power generation performance from the two TE module groups is close to each other.
3.3. Theoretical Analysis
3.3.1. Theoretical Model Derivation
3.3.2. Power Generation and Heat Transfer
3.3.3. Nonlinearity
3.3.4. Discussions on the Heat Flux Prediction
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The designed SPTEG can generate the potential of every TE module. The maximum electric power of 12.9 W, where 6.9 W can be outputted to external loads at the voltage of 5.0 V, can be generated. The gas stove can be detached from the TEG unit, thereby maintaining the cooking nature of the gas stove.
- (2)
- The radiator and blowers help in making the SPTEG compact, but the total electric power generation is compromised. The advantages of the proposed compact water-cooled SPTEG include possible CHP applications and avoidance of heavy and large finned heat sink installations on the TE modules.
- (3)
- Various heat fluxes through the TE modules were explored theoretically. The results indicate that the thermal conductance accounts for over 70% of the total heat flux. The thermal leak by the air heat conduction and thermal radiation inside the TE modules and by the fixing bolts are significant.
- (4)
- The nonlinearity caused by the Joule heat is minor, and the temperature distribution along the TE leg is near linear.
- (5)
- The essential parameter, which affects the prediction of the total heat flux, is the thermal conductivity of the TE materials. The theoretical predict thermoelectric efficiency is 2.78%, which is consistent with the measured data (2.34%).
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | Cross-sectional area of the thermoelectric leg (m2) |
AHS | outside surface area of the heat sink (m2) |
Atotal | surface area of a TE module (m2) |
cp | heat capacity of water (J/kg) |
dbt | bolt diameter (m) |
H | natural convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2·K) |
I | current (A) |
Ild | load current (A) |
ITE,max | maximum current inside a TE module (A) |
Imax | maximum current of the SPTEG(A) |
K | thermal conductivity (W/m·K) |
kair | thermal conductivity of air (W/m·K) |
kbt | thermal conductivity of the bolt (W/m·K) |
kN | thermal conductivity of the N-type leg (W/m·K) |
kP | thermal conductivity of the P-type leg (W/m·K) |
L | length of thermoelectric leg (m) |
Lcm | thickness of the ceramic substrate (m) |
Ltot | thickness of the bolt responsible for heat conduction (m) |
M | mass flow rate of cooling water (kg/s) |
N | electrical resistivity ratio (m) |
N | number of thermoelectric couples inside a TE module (dimensionless) |
Nbt | number of bolts (dimensionless) |
Ng | number of TE groups in SPTEG (dimensionless) |
NTE | number of TE modules in a TE group (dimensionless) |
P | power (W) |
Pld | load electricity power (W) |
Ptot | total electricity power (W) |
Pmax | maximum total electricity power (W) |
PTE | Electric power generated per TE module (W) |
qJ | Joule heat flux per unit volume (W/m3) |
qP | Peltier heat flux at a junction (W) |
qT | Thomson heat flux per unit volume (W/m3) |
Qcd | total conductance heat flux of the SPTEG (W) |
Qin | heat conduction flux through the heat-conducting plate (W) |
QJ | total Joule heat flux of the SPTEG (W) |
Qlk,cod | total conduction heat leak inside the TE module (W) |
Qlk,rad | total thermal radiation heat leak inside the TE module (W) |
Qlk,bt | total conduction heat leak by the bolts (W) |
Qloss | total heat lost by natural convection and thermal radiation (W) |
QP | total Peltier heat of the SPTEG (W) |
Qout | heat flux from the cold end (W) |
Qtot | total heat flux (W) |
r | thermal contact ratio (dimensionless) |
RI | internal electrical resistance (Ω) |
RI,eff | effective internal electrical resistance (Ω) |
RE | external electrical resistance (Ω) |
Rld | load resistance (Ω) |
T | temperature (°C) |
T1 | inlet water temperature (°C) |
T2 | outlet water temperature (°C) |
Tc | cold end temperature (°C) |
Th | hot end temperature (°C) |
T∞ | ambient air temperature (°C) |
ΔT | temperature difference (°C), ΔT= Th − Tc |
ΔTeff | effective temperature difference (°C) |
U | voltage (V) |
UE | voltage of the external load (V) |
Uin | input voltage to the DDC (V) |
Uld | load voltage (V) |
VOC | open-circuit voltage (V) |
w | ratio of ceramic thickness to thermoelectric leg (dimensionless) |
z | z coordinate (m) |
Z | thermoelectric figure-of-merit (1/K) |
α | Seebeck coefficient (V/K) |
αN | Seebeck coefficient of the N-type leg (V/K) |
αP | Seebeck coefficient of the P-type leg (V/K) |
ρ | electrical resistivity (Ω·m) |
ρN | electrical resistivity of the N-type leg (Ω·m) |
ρP | electrical resistivity of the P-type leg (Ω·m) |
ε | emissivity of the ceramic substrate (dimensionless) |
Σ | Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/m2K4) |
Ξ | thermoelectric efficiency (%) |
ξDDC | transform efficiency of the DDC (%) |
μ | Thomson coefficient (V/K) |
П | Peltier coefficient (V) |
Abbreviations
CHP | combined heat and power |
DDC | DC-DC converter |
EET | electric energy tester |
MPPT | maximum power point tracking |
SPTEG | stove-powered thermoelectric generator |
SPV | solar photovoltaics |
TE | thermoelectric |
TEG | thermoelectric generator |
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Material | Parameter | Unit | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Bi2Te3 | Atot | m2 | 40 × 40 × 10−6 |
A | m2 | 1.3 × 1.3 × 10−6 | |
L | m | 1.5 × 10−3 | |
Lcm | m | 0.76 × 10−3 | |
αP | V/K | 223.2 × 10−6 | |
αN | V/K | −187.7 × 10−6 | |
ρP | Ω·m | 1.83 × 10−5 | |
ρN | Ω·m | 1.58 × 10−5 | |
kP | W/m·K | 1.68 | |
kN | W/m·K | 1.64 | |
Air | kair | W/m·K | 0.0307 |
Bolt | dbt | m | 3.5 × 10−3 |
kbt | W/m·K | 43 | |
Ceramic | ε | dimensionless | 0.68 |
Parameter | Error (%) | Parameter | Error (%) |
---|---|---|---|
U | ± 0.1 | I | ± 0.1 |
P | ± 0.2 | T | ± 0.5 |
ξDDC | ± 0.4 | M | ± 2.0 |
Qout | ± 3.0 | Ξ | ± 3.4 |
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Ptot (W) | 12.9 | T2 (°C) | 38.0 |
Th (°C) | 159 | m (kg/s) | 0.0195 |
Tc (°C) | 40 | Qout (W) | 537.8 |
T1 (°C) | 31.5 | ξ (%) | 2.34 |
Authors | Cooling Method | TE Efficiency (%) | Measuring Method |
---|---|---|---|
Lertsatitthanakorn [14] | Air-cooled | 3.2 | Estimation based on Equation(5) |
Champier et al. [24] | Water-cooled | 2.0 | Realistic estimation based on ΔT |
Montecucco et al. [26] | Water-cooled | 4.0–5.0 | Measuring Ptot and Qout, real-time |
Present work | Water-cooled | 2.34 | Measuring Ptot and Qout, time-averaged |
Parameter | Hot End | Occupy Ratio | Cold End | Occupy Ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|
QP | 121.0 W | 22.02% | 90.4 W | 16.92% |
Qcd | 407.2 W | 74.09% | 407.2 W | 76.23% |
QJ | −7.6 W | (1.39%) | 7.6 W | 1.43% |
Qlk,cod | 20.8 W | 3.78% | 20.8 W | 3.89% |
Qlk,rad | 8.3 W | 1.51% | 8.3 W | 1.55% |
Qlk,bt | 20.2 W | 3.68% | 20.2 W | 3.78% |
Qtot | 549.6 W | 100% | 534.2 W | 100% |
Parameter | Analytical Result | Experimental Data | Error |
---|---|---|---|
Ptot | 15.3 W | 12.9 W | 18.6% |
Qout | 534.2 W | 537.8 W | 0.7% |
ξ | 2.78% | 2.34% | 18.8% |
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Share and Cite
Lv, H.; Li, G.; Zheng, Y.; Hu, J.; Li, J. Compact Water-Cooled Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Based on a Portable Gas Stove. Energies 2018, 11, 2231. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092231
Lv H, Li G, Zheng Y, Hu J, Li J. Compact Water-Cooled Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Based on a Portable Gas Stove. Energies. 2018; 11(9):2231. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092231
Chicago/Turabian StyleLv, Hongkun, Guoneng Li, Youqu Zheng, Jiangen Hu, and Jian Li. 2018. "Compact Water-Cooled Thermoelectric Generator (TEG) Based on a Portable Gas Stove" Energies 11, no. 9: 2231. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11092231