Effect of EDTA Gel on Residual Subgingival Calculus and Biofilm: An In Vitro Pilot Study
"> Figure 1
<p>SRP-only treated specimen exhibiting deposits of calculus (<b>yellow arrows</b>) and several cavitation-like defects in root surface (<b>white arrows</b>). Original magnification of 40×; Bar = 500 μm.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Untreated root surface showing calculus of a calculus shelf covered with biofilm. Note bacteria embedded in extra-cellular matrix of the lateral wall of the calculus shelf. Original magnification of 2000×; Bar = 10 μm.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Untreated root surface at high magnification showing biofilm magnification view of biofilm microbes embedded in the extracellular matrix. In this view, most of the microbes are a short rod morphotype of ≈2 μm length. Original magnification of 10,000×; Bar = 2 μm.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>SRP-only treated specimen characterized by a smear layer consisting of loosely attached debris and a parallel pattern of instrumentation streaks. Original magnification of 1000×; Bar = 20 μm.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>SRP + EDTA-treated specimen. Treated surface features a smearing or smudged appearance (<b>white rectangle</b>). Original magnification. 200×; Bar = 100 μm.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>SRP + EDTA-treated specimen. High magnification view of a dense aggregate of coccoid bacteria showing the effect of the EDTA. Many of the microbes appear to have ruptured. Additionally, note the loss of extracellular matrix. Original magnification of 5000×; Bar = 5 μm.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>SRP + EDTA-treated specimen. High magnification view of a cluster of rod-shaped microbes showing loss of EPM, rupture of terminal ends of many of the microbes, and general loss of distinctive morphology. Original magnification of 5000×; Bar = 5 μm.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Area of residual biofilm following treatment with SRP + EDTA. Note the honeycomb appearance of the EPM indicating loss of structural integrity and loss of embedded microbes. Original magnification of 2000×; Bar = 10 μm.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>SEM of SRP-only specimen with overlay of color-coded EDS line scan showing peaks (from baseline) for F, Al, S, N, Ca, P, and O. Mg and N are present but in low concentrations and are barely discernable. The scan traversed a line of ≈3 mm in length which included the smear layer resulting from SRP. Original mag. 39×; Bar = 1 mm. Working distance of 10 mm.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Conversion of the line scan seen in <a href="#dentistry-11-00022-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a> (SRP only specimen) to an EDS spectrum shows relative peak height of the various elements of interest. Dominate peaks are O, P, and Ca and lesser peaks for N, F, Na, Mg, and S. Peaks for Al and C are likely derived from the carbon sputter coating and aluminum mounting stub.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>SEM of SRP + EDTA specimen with overlay of color-coded EDS line scan showing peaks (from baseline) for F, S, N, Na, Mg, Ca, P, and O. Compared to <a href="#dentistry-11-00022-f009" class="html-fig">Figure 9</a>, this scan shows obvious differences in location and presence of N, Na, and Mg. The scan started and stopped on calculus deposits with an intervening area of SRP in between. The scan traversed a line of ≈3 mm in length. Original mag. 39×; Bar = 1 mm. Working distance of 10 mm.</p> "> Figure 12
<p>Conversion of the line scan seen in <a href="#dentistry-11-00022-f011" class="html-fig">Figure 11</a> to an EDS spectrum shows relative peak height of the various elements of interest. As with the SRP-only specimen (<a href="#dentistry-11-00022-f010" class="html-fig">Figure 10</a>), the dominate peaks are O, P, and Ca, with lesser peaks for N, F, Na, Mg, and S.</p> "> Figure 13
<p>Data from SRP-only specimen generated for the elements of interest, expressed as Weight % and Atomic %. Both represent the relative concentration of the element in the sample. Atomic % is calculated by dividing the element Weight % by its atomic weight. Note the analysis uncertainty of 10.70% indicating the error of measurement which is influenced by the irregular topography of the root surface.</p> "> Figure 14
<p>Data generated for the elements of interest, expressed as Weight % and Atomic %. Note the analysis uncertainty of 11.86%. Compared to data in <a href="#dentistry-11-00022-f013" class="html-fig">Figure 13</a>, there are decreases in Weight % and Atomic % or N, F, Na, and S and increases in Mg, P, and Ca. Oxygen was nearly equal in both specimens (49.1 for SRP only vs. 49.6 for SRP + EDTA).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimens
2.2. Treatment
2.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
2.4. Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
3. Results
3.1. SEM Examination
3.2. EDS Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cobb, C.M.; Harrel, S.K.; Zhao, D.; Spencer, P. Effect of EDTA Gel on Residual Subgingival Calculus and Biofilm: An In Vitro Pilot Study. Dent. J. 2023, 11, 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11010022
Cobb CM, Harrel SK, Zhao D, Spencer P. Effect of EDTA Gel on Residual Subgingival Calculus and Biofilm: An In Vitro Pilot Study. Dentistry Journal. 2023; 11(1):22. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11010022
Chicago/Turabian StyleCobb, Charles M., Stephen K. Harrel, Donggao Zhao, and Paulette Spencer. 2023. "Effect of EDTA Gel on Residual Subgingival Calculus and Biofilm: An In Vitro Pilot Study" Dentistry Journal 11, no. 1: 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj11010022