Molecular and Morphological Evidence for the Description of Three Novel Velvet Worm Species (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Peripatopsis sedgwicki s.s.) from South Africa †
<p>Map showing localities in the southern Western Cape and Eastern Cape provinces of South Africa indicating the four genetic clades retrieved in the <span class="html-italic">Peripatopsis sedgwicki</span> species complex revealed with the use of Sanger sequences (<span class="html-italic">COI</span>) and RADseq [<a href="#B10-diversity-16-00566" class="html-bibr">10</a>]. Localities 1–4 represents the distribution of <span class="html-italic">P. sedgwicki</span> s.s. (clade B); localities 5–20, 22–23 represents the distribution of <span class="html-italic">P</span>. <span class="html-italic">orientalis</span> sp. nov., (clade D) while localities 21 and 24 represents the distribution of the two narrow point endemics, <span class="html-italic">P</span>. <span class="html-italic">collarium</span> sp. nov., (clade C) and <span class="html-italic">P. margaritarius</span> sp. nov., (clade A) respectively. Clades correspond to <a href="#diversity-16-00566-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Species delimitation tree based on <span class="html-italic">COI</span> and <span class="html-italic">18S</span>. Total evidence species tree of concatenated <span class="html-italic">COI</span> + <span class="html-italic">18S</span> rRNA sequences for <span class="html-italic">Peripatopsis sedgwicki</span> s.s. produced by the STACEY analysis. Nodal support presentation for each tree produced by each of these analyses follows the of the key on the left of the figure (top left = STACEY; top right = MrBayes [BEAST]; bottom left = Maximum likelihood; bottom right = Bayesian phylogenetics and phylogeography). The similarity matrix represents the results of the STACEY maximum clade credibility tree minimum clusters from the total evidence dataset (<span class="html-italic">COI</span> + <span class="html-italic">18S</span> rRNA). Black squares represent posterior probabilities (white = 0, black = 1) for pairs of individuals (sample localities) belonging to the same cluster. The lines in the matrix separate putative species boundaries based on the observed clusters. The seven vertical multi-coloured bars represent alternative taxonomies with each segment of these bars representing distinct species according to the respective approach. The final bar (right) represents the species consensus between these methods.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Live images of dorsal and ventral surfaces of the four velvet worm species. Live photographs of a single specimen representative from each of the four clades in the <span class="html-italic">Peripatopsis sedgwicki</span> species complex. <span class="html-italic">Peripatopsis sedgwicki</span> s.s. (<b>A</b>) dorsal and (<b>B</b>) ventral view of live specimen (clade B); <span class="html-italic">P. margaritarius</span> sp. nov., (<b>C</b>) dorsal and (<b>D</b>) ventral view of live specimen (clade A); <span class="html-italic">P</span>. <span class="html-italic">collarium</span> sp. nov., (<b>E</b>) dorsal and (<b>F</b>) ventral image of live specimen (clade C); finally, <span class="html-italic">P</span>. <span class="html-italic">orientalis</span> sp. nov., (clade D) is represented by (<b>G</b>) dorsal and (<b>H</b>) ventral images of live specimens. Scale bar = 10 mm. Photo credit: A. Barnes.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>SEM micrographs Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of primary and accessory dermal papillae for the four clades in the <span class="html-italic">Peripatopsis sedgwicki</span> species complex. Each white dot represents a scale rank. (<b>A</b>) dorsal papilla and (<b>B</b>) ventral papilla of <span class="html-italic">P</span>. <span class="html-italic">sedgwicki</span> s.s. (clade B). (<b>C</b>) dorsal papilla and (<b>D</b>) ventral papilla of <span class="html-italic">P</span>. <span class="html-italic">margaritarius</span> sp. nov., (clade A). (<b>E</b>) dorsal papilla and (<b>F</b>) ventral papilla of <span class="html-italic">P</span>. <span class="html-italic">collarium</span> sp. nov., (clade C). (<b>G</b>) dorsal papilla and (<b>H</b>) ventral papilla of <span class="html-italic">P</span>. <span class="html-italic">orientalis</span> sp. nov., (clade D). Scale bar = 20 µm.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction and Sequencing
2.3. Phylogenetic Analyses
2.4. Species Delimitation Using ASAP, bPTP, bGMYC and iBPP
2.5. Gross Morphology and Scanning Electron Microscopy
3. Results
3.1. Phylogenetic Analyses of the COI + 18S rRNA Data
3.2. Species Delimitation Using ASAP, bPTP, bGMYC, STACEY and iBPP
3.3. Morphological Examination and Scanning Electron Microscopy
4. Discussion
5. Taxonomy
5.1. Peripatopsis sedgwicki s.s.
5.2. Peripatopsis margaritarius sp. nov.
5.3. Peripatopsis orientalis sp. nov.
5.4. Peripatopsis collarium sp. nov.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
SAM ENW | South African Museum |
Cape Town | Entomological Collection (Iziko Museums of Cape Town) |
SEM | scanning electron microscopy |
COI | cytochrome c oxidase subunit I |
M | male specimens |
F | female specimens |
J | juvenile specimens |
D | Indiscernible |
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Species | Diagnostic Molecular Characters | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
430 | 470 | 520 | ||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | - T T C T T T - C G | C C G T C C G T T T C C T A G A T T G T | C G T G G T T T C G A C G C G G G G G C | |||
P. collarium sp. nov. | - T T C T T T - C G | C C G T C C G T T T C C T A G A T T G T | C G T G G T T T C G A C G C G G G G G C | |||
P. sedgwicki s.s | - T T C T T T - C G | C C G T C C G T T G C C T A G A T T G T | C G T G G T T T C G A T G C G G G G G C | |||
P. margaritarius sp. nov. | - T T T T T T T C G | T C T T G - G T T T C C C - G A T C G T | C G C G G T T T C C A - - - G G G G G C |
Length | Width | Live | Preserved | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Clade | Locality | Sex | n | D | Min | Max | Min | Max | No. of Leg Pairs | Colour Dorsal | Colour Ventral | Colour Dorsal | Colour Ventral | Colour Papillae | Colour Lateral | Special Characters When Preserved |
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Diepwalle NR | F | 4 | 12.94 | 33.48 | 3.04 | 5.86 | 20 | Dark blue/green | Cream | Cream | Light blue/green | ||||
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Garden of Eden NR | M | 4 | 2 | 13.93 | 22.29 | 3.75 | 5.05 | 19–20 | Orange | White | Dark brown | White/pink | Orange | Light pink/orange | |
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Garden of Eden NR | F | 6 | 6.88 | 23.87 | 1.68 | 4.82 | |||||||||
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Harkerville NR | M | 3 | 19.41 | 25.14 | 4.48 | 5.44 | 19–20 | Dark grey | White | Dark brown | White | Yellow | Light Brown | ||
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Harkerville NR | F | 3 | 7.45 | 28.85 | 1.45 | 5.73 | |||||||||
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Homtini River | M | 1 | 3 | - | 23.71 | - | 5.03 | 19–20 | Orange | White | Dark brown | Off yellow | Red/orange | Orange | Pinkish/red oncopods |
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Homtini River | F | 4 | 14.2 | 31.69 | 2.53 | 6.56 | |||||||||
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Nature’s Valley NR | M | 4 | 3 | 8.68 | 27.17 | 1.94 | 4.38 | 20 | Orange or grey | White or light pink | Black | Pink/off white | Black and orange | Condensed papillae | Purple oncopods |
P. sedgwicki s.s. | B | Nature’s Valley NR | F | 8 | 8.49 | 32.24 | 1.68 | 7.8 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Bergrivier Eco Retreat, Hankey | M | 2 | 10.21 | 18.48 | 2.3 | 4.41 | 19–20 | Dark blue or dark brown | White | Dark brown | White | Orange | Orange | Ventral sides of oncopods pink | |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Bergrivier Eco Retreat, Hankey | F | 8 | 11.01 | 31.14 | 2.06 | 6.67 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Essenbos Farm, Kareedouw | M | 3 | 4 | 15.57 | 20.29 | 3.53 | 4.56 | 19–20 | Dark grey, mustard or red/orange | White | Dark brown | White | Black and orange | Light orange | Blue oncopods |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Essenbos Farm, Kareedouw | F | 10 | 12.23 | 33.21 | 2.15 | 6.87 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Geelhoutbos, Baviaanskloof NR | F | 1 | - | 22.05 | - | 4.66 | 20 | - | - | Dark Brown | White | Orange | Orange | Light blue oncopods and genital pads | |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Groendal NR | M | 4 | 18.64 | 25.78 | 4.44 | 6.79 | 20 | Dark grey, dark blue or orange | White | Dark brown | White/pink | Orange | Light pink/orange | White genitals | |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Innikloof, Hankey | M | 5 | 19.67 | 30.63 | 4.89 | 7.4 | 20 | Dark Blue or orange | White | Dark brown/orange | Off white with pink | Orange | Light brown/orange | Pink oncopods on ventral | |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Innikloof, Hankey | F | 6 | 17.25 | 25.58 | 4.55 | 7.51 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Island NR | M | 1 | 2 | - | 24.85 | - | 5.98 | 19–20 | Dark blue or orange | White | Black | White | Red | Light pink | |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Island NR | F | 7 | 24.09 | 45.87 | 4.82 | 7.2 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Kudu Kaya, Baviaanskloof | M | 2 | 23.27 | 23.38 | 4.92 | 5.33 | 20 | Orange | White | Dark brown | White | Orange | Orange | ||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Kudu Kaya, Baviaanskloof | F | 4 | 13.18 | 32.37 | 3.74 | 6.58 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Maitland Local Authority NR | M | 3 | 18.58 | 20.42 | 4.67 | 6.21 | 20 | Dark blue or orange | White | Dark brown/purple | White | Orange | Orange to purple | ||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Maitland Local Authority NR | F | 6 | 17.01 | 24.52 | 4.61 | 5.56 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Naguiltjie, Patensie | M | 2 | 1 | 12.33 | 34.62 | 2.36 | 6.44 | 20 | Dark blue or orange | White | Dark brown | White | Reddish orange | Reddish brown | |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Naguiltjie, Patensie | F | 7 | 13.03 | 32.15 | 2.52 | 7.51 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Gamtoos River Mouth | M | 4 | 9.36 | 20.2 | 1.89 | 4.88 | 20 | Dark blue or orange | White | Dark brown to black | White | Orange/brown | Light brown/orange | ||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Gamtoos River Mouth | F | 2 | 23.43 | 28.31 | 5.74 | 6.84 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Plaatbos NR | M | 2 | 20.93 | 30.74 | 5.58 | 6.33 | 20 | Orange | Light pink | Dark brown | Off white | Orange/brown | Orange/brown | ||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Plaatbos NR | F | 3 | 8.54 | 25.62 | 1.57 | 6.31 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Rivendell Farm, Grahamstown | M | 2 | 3 | 21.01 | 22.88 | 4.94 | 5.72 | 20 | Orange or grey | White | Light brown | White | Light brown | Light brown/beige | Blue oncopods |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Rivendell Farm, Grahamstown | F | 8 | 12.81 | 42.57 | 2.79 | 6.91 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Rugbos NR | M | 3 | 3 | 16.45 | 29.64 | 2.58 | 8.41 | 20 | Dark grey or dark purple | Pink/orange | Dark Blue | White | Light grey | light blue | |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Rugbos NR | F | 12 | 9.13 | 33.28 | 2.15 | 6.87 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Tsitsikamma, Storms River Mouth | M | 5 | 10.46 | 22.95 | 1.93 | 6.46 | 20 | Dark blue or orange | White | Black | Off white | Red or black | Condensed papillae | White genitals | |
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Tsitsikamma, Storms River Mouth | F | 1 | - | 23.51 | - | 5.87 | |||||||||
P. collarium sp. nov. | C | Van Stadens Wildflower NR | M | 2 | 19.09 | 28.24 | 4.59 | 5.22 | 20 | Dark brown | White | Dark purple | Pink | Reddish purple | Purple | White head collar present | |
P. collarium sp. nov. | C | Van Stadens Wildflower NR | F | 2 | 26.08 | 28.93 | 5.45 | 5.91 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Witelsbos State Plantation | M | 3 | 15.07 | 21.11 | 5.07 | 5.61 | 20 | Dark blue or brown/orange | White | Dark brown | Off white/pink | Red | Reddish purple | ||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Witelsbos State Plantation | F | 2 | 23.16 | 26.19 | 6.21 | 6.79 | |||||||||
P. orientalis sp. nov. | D | Zuurberg NR | F | 2 | 12.04 | 30.27 | 2.76 | 5.89 | 19–20 | - | - | Light brown | White | Brown and light grey | Light orange/brown | Blue oncopods | |
P. margaritarius sp. nov. | A | Fort Fordyce NR | M | 8 | 4 | 17.11 | 31.24 | 2.96 | 5.41 | 21–23 | Dark brown | White | Dark brown | White | Black and orange | Light orange | Blue oncopods |
P. margaritarius sp. nov. | A | Fort Fordyce NR | F | 16 | 15.28 | 46.45 | 3.06 | 6.95 |
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Barnes, A.; Daniels, S.R. Molecular and Morphological Evidence for the Description of Three Novel Velvet Worm Species (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Peripatopsis sedgwicki s.s.) from South Africa. Diversity 2024, 16, 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090566
Barnes A, Daniels SR. Molecular and Morphological Evidence for the Description of Three Novel Velvet Worm Species (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Peripatopsis sedgwicki s.s.) from South Africa. Diversity. 2024; 16(9):566. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090566
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarnes, Aaron, and Savel R. Daniels. 2024. "Molecular and Morphological Evidence for the Description of Three Novel Velvet Worm Species (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae: Peripatopsis sedgwicki s.s.) from South Africa" Diversity 16, no. 9: 566. https://doi.org/10.3390/d16090566