The Influence of NIR Pigments on Coil Coatings’ Thermal Behaviors
<p>Schematic description of the small-scale houses utilized as support for the roof panels for thermal measurements. The red dots represent the thermocouples that were attached behind the metal sheet and inside the house models at 4 cm from the floor. The thermocouples were connected to a data logger.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>SEM cross-section image of sample Brown. From the bottom: the white layer represents the zinc layer, above which there is the primer, about 6 µm thick, and finally the topcoat.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>SEM images of red samples. (<b>a</b>,<b>b</b>) Images of the Red sample at increasing magnifications. (<b>c</b>,<b>d</b>) Images of the Red-N sample at increasing magnifications.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>FTIR spectra of (<b>a</b>) sample Red, (<b>b</b>) sample Red-N, (<b>c</b>) sample Brown and (<b>d</b>) sample Brown-N as a function of the degradation cycles.</p> "> Figure 4 Cont.
<p>FTIR spectra of (<b>a</b>) sample Red, (<b>b</b>) sample Red-N, (<b>c</b>) sample Brown and (<b>d</b>) sample Brown-N as a function of the degradation cycles.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Photooxidative index photooxidation index (POI) as a function of the degradation cycles.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Gloss evolution as a function of the degradation cycles.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Color difference evolution Δ<span class="html-italic">E</span><sub>ab</sub> considering CIELab system as a function of the degradation cycles.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Red-N and Brown-N surfaces at the initial stage (<b>a</b>,<b>c</b>) and after the fourth degradation cycle (<b>b</b>,<b>d</b>).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Crack on the surface of sample Red-N after the fourth degradation cycle.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>Plateau temperature of (<b>a</b>) red coatings and (<b>b</b>) brown coatings as a function of degradation cycles.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>Contact angle measurements of sample Red-N (<b>a</b>) before and (<b>b</b>) after the degradation cyclic test.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Geometry of buildings that reduce the long-wave radiation loss from street canyons. Urban constructions replace the cold sky hemisphere radiating back an even greater amount of radiations.
- Usage of high absorbing materials such as concrete, asphalt and coated metal sheets. Furthermore, the replacement of natural soil in urban areas led to heat accumulation because the heat cannot be drained by evapotranspiration as instead happens in rural areas.
- Anthropogenic heat released by combustion and by animal metabolism.
- The urban greenhouse effects.
- The reduction of evaporating surfaces led to an increase in sensible heat instead of latent heat.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Preparation
2.2. Characterization Techniques
- Seven days (168 h) of UV-B exposure in an irradiation chamber in accordance with the ASTM-G154-06 standard [52] using a fluorescent light source (UV-B 312-EL Hg lamp) with an irradiated power of 600 W/m2. The total amount of UV-B exposure was set to 672 h.
- Seven days (168 h) of salt spray in an Ascott CC IP salt spray chamber, following the ASTM B117/18 standard [53]. The total amount of salt spray exposure was set to 672 h.
- Dust: a mixture of 0.3 g iron oxide Fe2O3 powder (CAS 1309-37-1), 1.0 g of montmorillonite K10 powder and 1.0 g of bentonite, transferred to 1 L of distilled water (suspension of 2.3 g/L).
- Salts: a mixture of 0.3 g of sodium chloride NaCl, 0.3 g of sodium nitrate NaNO3 and 0.4 g of calcium sulfate dihydrate CaSO4 2H2O, transferred to 1 L of distilled water (solution of 1.0 g/L).
- Particulate organic matter (POM): 1.4 g of humic acid (CAS 1415-93-6) diluted in 1 L of distilled water (solution of 1.4 g/L).
- Soot: 0.26 g of carbon black (Vulcan XC-72) diluted in 1 L of distilled water (solution of 0.26 g/L).
- Weathering: apparatus exposure before soiling: 2 cycles, each of them composed of 8 h in UV-A chamber and 4 h of water condensation at 50 °C and a final dry under the infrared lamp;
- Soiling: spray the mix of dust, salts, organic matter and soot and dry under the infrared lamp;
- Weathering: apparatus exposure after soiling: 2 cycles, each of them composed of 8 h in UV-A chamber and 4 h of water condensation at 50 °C and a final dry under the infrared lamp.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Pigment Recognition and Coatings Defects
3.2. Coatings Degradation
3.2.1. Changes in Chemical Structure
3.2.2. Visual and Aesthetical Evaluation
3.2.3. Thermal Evaluation
3.2.4. Contact Angle Measurements
3.3. Effect of Soiling and Weathering
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- European Commision. Energy Efficiency in Buildings. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/energy-efficiency/energy-performance-of-buildings (accessed on 15 February 2020).
- Konstantinidou, C.A.; Lang, W.; Papadopoulos, A.M.; Santamouris, M. Life cycle and life cycle cost implications of integrated phase change materials in office buildings. Int. J. Energy Res. 2019, 43, 150–166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mavrakou, T.; Polydoros, A.; Cartalis, C.; Santamouris, M. Recognition of Thermal Hot and Cold Spots in Urban Areas in Support of Mitigation Plans to Counteract Overheating: Application for Athens. Climate 2018, 6, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- EPA. Heat Island Effect. Available online: https://www.epa.gov/heat-islands (accessed on 8 January 2020).
- Asimakopoulos, D.N.; Assimakopoulos, V.D. Energy and Climate in the Urban Built Environment; Santamouris, M., Ed.; Routledge: London, UK, 2001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gunawardena, K.; Wells, M.; Kershaw, T. Utilizing green and blue space to mitigate urban heat island intensity. Sci. Total Environ. 2017, 584–585, 1040–1055. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, L.; Deng, Z.; Liang, L.; Zhang, Y.; Meng, Q.; Wang, J.; Santamouris, M. Thermal behavior of a vertical green facade and its impact on the indoor and outdoor thermal environment. Energy Build. 2019, 204, 109502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahmohamadi, P.; Che-Ani, A.I.; Ramly, A.; Maulud, K.N.A.; Mohd-Nor, M.F.I. Reducing urban heat island effects: A systematic review to achieve energy consumption balance. Int. J. Phys. Sci. 2010, 5, 626–636. [Google Scholar]
- Synnefa, A.; Santamouris, M.; Apostolakis, K. On the development, optical properties and thermal performance of cool colored coatings for the urban environment. Sol. Energy 2007, 81, 488–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santamouris, M.; Paraponiaris, K.; Mihalakakou, G. Estimating the ecological footprint of the heat island effect over Athens, Greece. Clim. Chang. 2007, 80, 265–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santamouris, M.; Cartalis, C.; Synnefa, A.; Kolokotsa, D. On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings—A review. Energy Build. 2015, 98, 119–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sleiman, M. Soiling of building envelope surfaces and its effect on solar reflectance—Part II: Development of an accelerated ageing method for roofing materials. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2014, 122, 271–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.; Kumar, D.I.M.; Pyrgou, A.; Chong, A.; Santamouris, M.; Kolokotsa, D.; Lee, S.E. Green and cool roofs’ urban heat island mitigation potential in tropical climate. Sol. Energy 2018, 173, 597–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garshasbi, S.; Santamouris, M. Using advanced thermochromic technologies in the built environment: Recent development and potential to decrease the energy consumption and fight urban overheating. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2019, 91, 21–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anand, P.; Sekhar, C.; Cheong, D.; Santamouris, M.; Kondepudi, S. Occupancy-based zone-level VAV system control implications on thermal comfort, ventilation, indoor air quality and building energy efficiency. Energy Build. 2019, 204, 109473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kolokotsa, D.D.; Giannariakis, G.; Gobakisa, K.; Giannarakis, G.; Synnefa, A.; Santamouris, M. Cool roofs and cool pavements application in Acharnes, Greece. Sustain. Cities Soc. 2018, 37, 466–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gao, Q.; Wu, X.; Fan, Y. Solar spectral optical properties of rutile TiO2 coated mica-titania pigments. Dyes Pigm. 2014, 109, 90–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, R.; Han, A.; Ye, M.; Chen, X.; Yuan, L. The influence of Mn/N-codoping on the thermal performance of ZnAl2O4 as high near-infrared reflective inorganic pigment. J. Alloys Compd. 2017, 696, 1329–1341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ecco, L.; Rossi, S.; Fedel, M.; Deflorian, F. Color variation of electrophoretic styrene-acrylic paints under field and accelerated ultraviolet exposure. Mater. Des. 2017, 116, 554–564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, X.; Liu, D.; Li, N.; Wang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Zhong, M. Single novel Ca0.5Mg10.5(HPO3)8(OH)3F3 coating for efficient passive cooling in the natural environment. Sol. Energy 2020, 202, 164–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, G.; Song, B.; Park, K. Long-term monitoring for comparison of seasonal effects on cool roofs in humid subtropical climates. Energy Build. 2020, 206, 109572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sameera, S.; Vidyadharan, V.; Sasidharan, S.; Gopchandran, K. Nanostructured zinc aluminates: A promising material for cool roof coating. J. Sci. Adv. Mater. Devices 2019, 4, 524–530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saber, H.H.; Maref, W. Energy Performance of Cool Roofs Followed by Development of Practical Design Tool. Front. Energy Res. 2019, 7, 122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shi, D.; Zhuang, C.; Lin, C.; Zhao, X.; Chen, D.; Gao, Y.; Levinson, R. Effects of natural soiling and weathering on cool roof energy savings for dormitory buildings in Chinese cities with hot summers. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2019, 200, 110016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Baniassadi, A.; Sailor, D.J.; Ban-Weiss, G.A. Potential energy and climate benefits of super-cool materials as a rooftop strategy. Urban Clim. 2019, 29, 100495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lv, J.; Tang, M.; Quan, R.; Chai, Z. Synthesis of solar heat-reflective ZnTiO3 pigments with novel roof cooling effect. Ceram. Int. 2019, 45, 15768–15771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ullah, M.; Kim, H.J.; Heo, J.G.; Roh, D.K.; Kim, D.-S. Sodium titanate as an infrared reflective material for cool roof application. J. Ceram. Process. Res. 2019, 20, 86–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, J.; Yu, X.B. Adaptive thermochromic roof system: Assessment of performance under different climates. Energy Build. 2019, 192, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qu, J.; Guan, S.; Qin, J.; Zhang, W.; Li, Y.; Zhang, T. Estimates of cooling effect and energy savings for a cool white coating used on the roof of scale model buildings. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on New Material and Chemical Industry, Sanya, China, 17–19 November 2018; IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK, 2019; Volume 479, p. 012024. [Google Scholar]
- Yew, M.C.; Yew, M.K.; Saw, L.H.; Ng, T.C.; Chen, K.P.; Rajkumar, D.; Beh, J.H. Experimental analysis on the active and passive cool roof systems for industrial buildings in Malaysia. J. Build. Eng. 2018, 19, 134–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Murguia, C.; Valles, D.; Park, Y.-H.; Kuravi, S. Effect of high aged albedo cool roofs on commercial buildings energy savings in U.S.A. climates. Int. J. Renew. Energy Res. 2019, 9, 65–72. [Google Scholar]
- Uemoto, K.L.; Sato, N.M.; John, V.M. Estimating thermal performance of cool colored paints. Energy Build. 2010, 42, 17–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Driel, B.V.; Kooyman, P.; Berg, K.V.; Schmidt-Ott, A.; Dik, J. A quick assessment of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 pigments—From lab to conservation studio. Microchem. J. 2016, 126, 162–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seija, R. Bottom-like benefits of prepainted metal. Finish. Today 2007, 83, 20–23. [Google Scholar]
- Bianco, M. The coupled galvanizing and painting line at Marcegaglia Plant. Metall. Plant Technol. Int. 2008, 31, 62–66. [Google Scholar]
- Bianco, M. New Galvanizing Line Coupled with High-Speed Painting Line at Marcegaglia’s Ravenna Plant, Italy. In Proceedings of the Iron and Steel Technology Conference (AISTech 2009), St. Louis, MO, USA, 4–7 May 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Ecca—Prepainted Metal Site. Available online: https://www.prepaintedmetal.eu/home (accessed on 29 April 2020).
- Genevay, J.-P. The European coil coatings market. Eur. Coat. J. 2008, 9, 18–21. [Google Scholar]
- Siyab, N.; Tenbusch, S.; Willis, S.; Lowe, C.; Maxted, J. Going Green: Making reality match ambition for sustainable coil coatings. J. Coat. Technol. Res. 2016, 13, 629–643. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jandel, A.S. Coil-coating branch focussing versatility. Stahl Eisen 2000, 120, 65–66. [Google Scholar]
- Jandel, L. Innovative surface design with coil coatings. Stahl Eisen 2006, 18, 45–47. [Google Scholar]
- Santos, D.; Costa, M.R.; Santos, M.T. Performance of polyester and modified polyester coil coatings exposed in different environments with high UV radiation. Prog. Org. Coat. 2007, 58, 296–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deflorian, F.; Rossi, S.; Fedrizzi, L.; Zanella, C. Comparison of organic coating accelerated tests and natural weathering considering meteorological data. Prog. Org. Coat. 2007, 59, 244–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deflorian, F.; Fedrizzi, L.; Rossi, S. Effects of mechanical deformation on the protection properties of coil coating products. Corros. Sci. 2000, 42, 1283–1301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Condorcoat NB 100 Complex Oxide Convertion Coating. Available online: https://condoroil.com/docs_skt_imgs/SK_TECH_prod/St-%20Condorcoat%20NB%20100%20Rev.%2003.10%20Inglese.pdf (accessed on 29 April 2020).
- Condorcoat EC 980: New Chrome Free Pretreatment for Galvanized Steel. Available online: https://www.expometals.net/en-gb/news-page-condoroil-group/condorcoat-ec-980-new-chrome-free-pretreatment-for-galvanized-steel-id12028 (accessed on 29 April 2020).
- Giannakopoulos, I. The Mechanical Properties of Polyester Based Coil Coatings. Correlations with Chemical Structure. Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College, London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Overview of RAL Classic Colours. Available online: https://www.ral-farben.de/content/anwendung-hilfe/all-ral-colours-names/overview-ral-classic-colours.html (accessed on 16 April 2020).
- RAL Colours. Available online: https://www.ralcolor.com/ (accessed on 16 April 2020).
- Detrie, T.; Swiler, D. Infrared Reflecting Complex Inorganic Colored Pigments. In High Performance Pigments, 1st ed.; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, Germany, 2009; Volume 24, pp. 467–487. [Google Scholar]
- Bendiganavale, A.; Malshe, V. Infrared Reflective Inorganic Pigments. Recent Pat. Chem. Eng. 2008, 1, 67–79. [Google Scholar]
- Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials; ASTM G154-06; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2006.
- Standard Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus; ASTM B117-18; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2018.
- Standard Test Method for Specular Gloss; ASTM D523-14(2018); ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2018.
- Carter, E.C.; Ohno, Y.; Pointer, M.R.; Robertson, A.R.; Seve, R.; Schanda, J.D.; Witt, K. Colorimetry, 3rd ed.; CIE 15: Technical Report; Commission Internationale de l’éclairage: Vienna, Austria, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Standard Practice for Surface Wettability of Coatings, Substrates and Pigments by Advancing Contact Angle Measurement; ASTM D7334-08; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2013.
- Standard Practice for Laboratory Soiling and Weathering of Roofing Materials to Simulate Effects of Natural Exposure on Solar Reflectance and Thermal Emittance; ASTM D7897-18; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2018.
- Talbert, R. Quality Control. In Paint Technology Handbook, 1st ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2008; Volume 11, pp. 184–189. [Google Scholar]
- Gerlock, J.L.; Peters, C.A.; Kucherov, A.V.; Misovski, T.; Seubert, C.M.; Carter, R.O.; Nichols, M.E. Testing accelerated weathering tests for appropriate weathering chemistry: Ozone filtered xenon arc. J. Coat. Technol. 2003, 75, 35–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batista, M.A.J.; Moraes, R.P.; Barbosa, J.C.S.; Oliveira, P.C.; Santos, A.M. Effect of the polyester chemical structure on the stability of polyester–melamine coatings when exposed to accelerated weathering. Prog. Org. Coat. 2011, 71, 265–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gheno, G.; Ganzerla, R.; Bortoluzzi, M.; Paganica, R. Accelerated weathering degradation behavior of polyester thermosetting powder coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 2016, 101, 90–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prosek, T.; Nazarov, A.; Thierry, D. Role of steel and zinc coating thickness in cut edge corrosion of coil coated materials in atmospheric weathering conditions; Part 2: Field data and model. Prog. Org. Coat. 2016, 101, 45–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prosek, T.; Nazarov, A.; Xue, H.B.; Lamaka, S.; Thierry, D. Role of steel and zinc coating thickness in cut edge corrosion of coil coated materials in atmospheric weathering conditions; Part 1: Laboratory study. Prog. Org. Coat. 2016, 99, 356–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marques, A.G.; Izquierdo, J.; Souto, R.M.; Simões, A.M. SECM imaging of the cut edge corrosion of galvanized steel as a function of pH. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 153, 238–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yildiz, R.; Dehri, I. Investigation of the cut-edge corrosion of organically-coated galvanized steel after accelerated atmospheric corrosion test. Arab. J. Chem. 2015, 8, 821–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Prosek, T.; Nazarov, A.; Le Gac, A.; Thierry, D. Coil-coated Zn-Mg and Zn-Al-Mg: Effect of climatic parameters on the corrosion at cut edges. Prog. Org. Coat. 2015, 83, 26–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McMurray, H.N.; Williams, D.; Worsley, D.A. Cut edge corrosion protection in organically coated galvanised steels using ion exchanged and naturally occurring clay mineral pigments. ECS Trans. 2006, 1, 153–164. [Google Scholar]
Sample Nomenclature | Pigments | RAL Code |
---|---|---|
Red | standard | 3009 |
Red-N | NIR | 3009 |
Brown | standard | 8017 |
Brown-N | NIR | 8017 |
Element | Red | Red-N | Brown | Brown-N |
---|---|---|---|---|
Si | 8.86 ± 0.28 | 9.65 ± 0.22 | 10.69 ± 0.64 | 8.96 ± 0.52 |
Ti | 12.95 ± 0.28 | 10.95 ± 0.18 | 9.42 ± 0.38 | 5.30 ± 0.24 |
Fe | 35.34 ± 0.63 | 65.08 ± 0.92 | 55.73 ± 1.92 | 55.58 ± 1.86 |
Zn | 33.49 ± 0.62 | 39.21 ± 0.92 | 13.33 ± 0.54 | 12.39 ± 0.50 |
Cr | - | - | - | 11.36 ± 0.44 |
Ca | - | - | - | 0.64 ± 0.08 |
Sample Nomenclature | Thickness (µm) |
---|---|
Red | 25.9 ± 1.9 |
Red-N | 25.0 ± 2.0 |
Brown | 24.4 ± 2.2 |
Brown-N | 26.2 ± 3.1 |
Peak (cm−1) | Functional Group Assignment |
---|---|
989, 1071, 1475 | bending C=O |
1160, 1105 | C-O-C aliphatic ester |
1240 | C–O |
1375 | bending CH3 |
1388, 1475 | bending CH2 aliphatic |
1720 | stretching C=O |
2870 | stretching CH– |
2970 | stretching CH2– |
Sample | Gloss (GU) |
---|---|
Red | 31.8 ± 0.1 |
Red-N | 31.2 ± 0.1 |
Brown | 37.5 ± 0.2 |
Brown-N | 31.7 ± 0.2 |
Sample | Tsup (°C) | Tint (°C) |
---|---|---|
Red | 55.2 | 38.2 |
Red-N | 54.0 | 38.2 |
Brown | 72.9 | 47.6 |
Brown-N | 58.1 | 38.8 |
Sample | θt = 0 (°) | θt = 4 cycles (°) |
---|---|---|
Red | 82.1 ± 1.6 | 44.8 ± 14.4 |
Red-N | 82.9 ± 2.5 | 38.4 ± 22.2 |
Brown | 79.5 ± 1.9 | 44.0 ± 5.0 |
Brown-N | 79.3 ± 1.8 | 55.7 ± 9.6 |
Sample | Text,wash (°C) | Tint,wash (°C) | Text,soil (°C) | Tint,soil (°C) | ΔText | ΔTint |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red | 54.16 | 37.81 | 55.54 | 38.22 | 1.38 | 0.41 |
Red-N | 54.51 | 36.51 | 55.02 | 37.86 | 0.52 | 1.36 |
Brown | 74.51 | 46.43 | 74.78 | 46.41 | 0.19 | 0.00 |
Brown-N | 55.49 | 36.61 | 54.04 | 36.69 | −1.45 | 0.08 |
Primer | 50.80 | 32.32 | 52.42 | 33.59 | 1.62 | 1.27 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rossi, S.; Calovi, M.; Dalpiaz, D.; Fedel, M. The Influence of NIR Pigments on Coil Coatings’ Thermal Behaviors. Coatings 2020, 10, 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060514
Rossi S, Calovi M, Dalpiaz D, Fedel M. The Influence of NIR Pigments on Coil Coatings’ Thermal Behaviors. Coatings. 2020; 10(6):514. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060514
Chicago/Turabian StyleRossi, Stefano, Massimo Calovi, Domenico Dalpiaz, and Michele Fedel. 2020. "The Influence of NIR Pigments on Coil Coatings’ Thermal Behaviors" Coatings 10, no. 6: 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings10060514