Nanopipettes as Monitoring Probes for the Single Living Cell: State of the Art and Future Directions in Molecular Biology
"> Figure 1
<p>(<b>A</b>) Schematic representation of cell-surface detection by a double-barrel nanopipette; (<b>B</b>) SEM image shows the gold-sputtered double-barrel nanopipette; (<b>C</b>) Injection of carboxyfluorescein into human fibroblasts. The fluorescence intensity was normalized to that measured at 500 ms. Applied voltage: 10 V, scale bars 50 μm. The red curve is a sigmoidal fit to the experimental data points. (Reproduced from [<a href="#B27-cells-07-00055" class="html-bibr">27</a>] with the permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>A</b>) Fluorescence; (<b>B</b>) Bright-field merges show injections of green fluorescent protein (GFP), rhodamine, and mitotracker orange into the cells. GFP: green channel; mitotracker orange: blue channel; rhodamine: red channel. Cells stained purple are a mix of blue (mitotracker) and red (rhodamine) channels. One cell at center can be seen with GFP, mitotracker and rhodamine fluorescence, indicating three independent nanopipette interrogations. GFP was the first component to be injected into the cell, however it did not diffuse well into the cell, probably due to protein viscosity. After GFP, mitochondria-staining dye mitotracker orange was introduced. Rhodamine was injected as the third component into the group of cells. (Pourmand Lab, Personal Communication, 2018).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Aspiration of nuclear content by Nanopipette. (<b>A</b>) Nanopipette is placed on top of MCF-7 cell; (<b>B</b>) Nanopipette is placed on top of a different MCF-7 cell; (<b>C</b>) Fluorescence corresponding to mitotracker orange staining of cells depicted in (<b>A</b>); (<b>D</b>) Fluorescence corresponding to mitotracker orange staining of cells depicted in (<b>B</b>). Nuclear region is visualized by pattern of staining with the mitotracker dye. In (<b>D</b>) red arrow points dark compartment, corresponding to one nucleus. Green arrow shows one cytoplasmic region. Nanopipette was inserted into the nucleus, as seen in (<b>B</b>). Nuclear content was aspirated and transferred to the cDNA synthesis master mix, followed by sequencing using the Illumina Miseq. (Pourmand Lab, Personal Communication, 2018).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Limit of detection of ERCC. Content from the nanobiopsy of the nucleus was transferred to the cDNA mix (containing 0.5 µL of ERCC mixture at a 1:10,000 dilution) to reverse transcribe the RNAs followed by DNA sequencing. The sequencing reads were mapped to the ERCC reference pseudo-genome. The number of transcripts were counted using the HTSeq package and plotted as a function of the number of the ERCC transcripts (ERCC concentration × volume × dilution factor). The estimated intersect of the ERCC curve with the X axis was between 7 and 220, which represents at least one detected ERCC transcript. The threshold for detected transcripts was chosen to be 10 for subsequent analysis. (Pourmand Lab, Personal Communication, 2018).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Principal Component Analysis of gene expression in the nuclear nanobiopsy samples. (<b>A</b>) Raw data input to DESeq2; (<b>B</b>) DESeq2 run with log-normalized reads; (<b>C</b>) Resolution of clustering after removal of the MBL1, MBL9, MBL12 and MBL12 libraries as outliers; (<b>D</b>) Resolution of clustering excluding sequencing libraries MBL2 and MBL4. (Pourmand Lab, Personal Communication, 2018).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Principal Component Analysis of gene expression comparing two cell types at a time. (<b>A</b>–<b>C</b>) comparison of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 libraries cluster separately by cell type, seen as a trend in which same-cell type libraries cluster closer to each other; (<b>D</b>–<b>F</b>) comparison of HeLa vs. iCell Neurons cells. Libraries cluster separately by cell type. (Pourmand Lab, Personal Communication, 2018)</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>A</b>) Representative schematic showing the steps of glucose oxidase immobilization to the surface of the nanopipette tip. First, PLL is coated on the surface. Then, gluteraldehyde treatment occurs to cross-link the glucose oxidase to the PLL-coated surface; (<b>B</b>) After each step of immobilization, the changes were characterized electrochemically. 10 mM PBS (pH 7) was used as the supporting electrode; (<b>C</b>) Nanopipette tip imaged by SEM. Tip geometry is displayed in the inset; (<b>D</b>) Enzymatic process for conversion of glucose into hydrogen peroxide and gluconic acid. (Reprinted with the permission from [<a href="#B90-cells-07-00055" class="html-bibr">90</a>]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Schematic representation of electrochemical configuration and pH monitoring in a single cell with a chitosan-modified nanopipette. (Reproduced from [<a href="#B96-cells-07-00055" class="html-bibr">96</a>] with the permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Schematics showing the electrochemical configuration (top left) and the reversible binding of copper ions on the chitosan/PAA-modified nanopipette. (Reprinted with permission from [<a href="#B101-cells-07-00055" class="html-bibr">101</a>]. Copyright (2018) American Chemical Society).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Use of Nanopipettes as Surgical Tools
2.1. Nanoinjections by Single-Cell Surgery
Intracellular Tracking of Injected Components
2.2. Single-Cell Nanobiopsy Platform
2.2.1. Single Cell Immunoassay
2.2.2. Genomics
2.2.3. Single Cell Aspiration
2.2.4. Nanogenomics
3. Monitoring Intracellular Components by Using Nanopipettes: Sensing
3.1. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Immobilization of Recognition Elements
3.2. Electrochemical Techniques Used for Analysis
3.3. Recognition Element Selection for Immobilization on Nanopipettes
3.4. Specific Examples from the Literature
3.4.1. Glucose
3.4.2. pH and Reactive Oxygen Species
3.4.3. DNA
3.4.4. Metal Ions
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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RefSeq mRNA Accession | Gene Symbol | Gene Name |
---|---|---|
NM_001001521 | UGP2 | UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase |
NM_001002 | RPLP0 | ribosomal protein lateral stalk subunit P0 |
NM_001017963 | HSP90AA1 | heat shock protein 90 α family class A member 1 |
NM_001201483 | ENO1 | enolase 1 |
NM_001402 | EEF1A1 | eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 α 1 |
NM_001699 | AXL | AXL receptor tyrosine kinase |
NM_002520 | NPM1 | nucleophosmin 1 |
NM_005324_mRNA | H3F3B | H3 histone, family 3B |
NM_015932_mRNA | POMP | proteasome maturation protein |
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Bulbul, G.; Chaves, G.; Olivier, J.; Ozel, R.E.; Pourmand, N. Nanopipettes as Monitoring Probes for the Single Living Cell: State of the Art and Future Directions in Molecular Biology. Cells 2018, 7, 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7060055
Bulbul G, Chaves G, Olivier J, Ozel RE, Pourmand N. Nanopipettes as Monitoring Probes for the Single Living Cell: State of the Art and Future Directions in Molecular Biology. Cells. 2018; 7(6):55. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7060055
Chicago/Turabian StyleBulbul, Gonca, Gepoliano Chaves, Joseph Olivier, Rifat Emrah Ozel, and Nader Pourmand. 2018. "Nanopipettes as Monitoring Probes for the Single Living Cell: State of the Art and Future Directions in Molecular Biology" Cells 7, no. 6: 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7060055