TGF-β-Based Therapies for Treating Ocular Surface Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. TGF-β Signaling Pathway
1.2. Receptors That Mediate TGF-β Signaling
1.3. TGF-β Signaling in the Cornea and Its Role in Inflammation and Corneal Pathogenesis
1.4. Contribution of TGF-β following Post-Refractive Surgery
1.5. Therapeutic Interventions for Regulating the TGF-β Signaling Pathway
1.6. Monoclonal Antibodies and Fusion Proteins
1.7. Peptide-Based Therapies
1.8. Antisense Oligonucleotides and siRNA
1.9. Small-Molecule Inhibitors
1.10. Natural Ligands
2. Therapeutic Targets for TGF-β Signaling Based Therapies
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease | Therapy Type | Description | Status | TGF-β Receptor Focus | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Various Cancers | Monoclonal Antibodies | Fresolimumab (GC1008) is a monoclonal antibody targeting TGF-β1-3, used in cancers like melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. | Clinical trials | TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII, TGF-βRIII | [110,111,112] |
Monoclonal Antibody | NIS793 is an anti-TGF-β monoclonal antibody, tested in combination with PD-1 inhibitors for solid tumors. | Clinical trials | TGF-β1, TGF-β2 | [113,114] | |
Fibrosis | Small molecule inhibitors | Galunisertib (LY2157299) targets TGF-βRI to inhibit fibrosis-related pathways. | Clinical trials | TGF-βRI | [115,116,117,118,119,120] |
Scleroderma | Antisense oligonucleotides | Targets TGF-β mRNA to decrease its production, potentially reducing skin thickening and organ damage. | Early research | TGF-β mRNA | [121,122,123,124] |
Marfan Syndrome | Losartan | Impacts TGF-β signaling indirectly, beneficial for treating Marfan syndrome. | In use/approved | Indirect | [125,126,127,128] |
Diabetic Nephropathy | Pirfenidone | Targets TGF-β-related pathways to reduce fibrosis in the kidneys. | Clinical trials | TGF-β related pathways | [129,130] |
Heart Disease | ARBs | Angiotensin II receptor blockers indirectly affect TGF-β signaling involved in myocardial remodeling. | In use/approved | Indirect | [131,132,133] |
Other Cancers | Kinase Inhibitors | LY2157299 and other kinase inhibitors block TGF-βRI to prevent downstream signaling, used in cancers like glioblastoma. | Clinical trials | TGF-βRI | [116,119,134] |
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Ogata, F.T.; Verma, S.; Coulson-Thomas, V.J.; Gesteira, T.F. TGF-β-Based Therapies for Treating Ocular Surface Disorders. Cells 2024, 13, 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13131105
Ogata FT, Verma S, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Gesteira TF. TGF-β-Based Therapies for Treating Ocular Surface Disorders. Cells. 2024; 13(13):1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13131105
Chicago/Turabian StyleOgata, Fernando T., Sudhir Verma, Vivien J. Coulson-Thomas, and Tarsis F. Gesteira. 2024. "TGF-β-Based Therapies for Treating Ocular Surface Disorders" Cells 13, no. 13: 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells13131105