Design and Evaluation of ScanCap: A Low-Cost, Reusable Tethered Capsule Endoscope with Blue-Green Illumination Imaging for Unsedated Screening and Early Detection of Barrett’s Esophagus
"> Figure 1
<p>Overview of current ScanCap system and assessment versus the current standard of care. (<b>A</b>) The complete ScanCap system consists of a tethered capsule and a control system comprising an LED-based illumination module, a control module with a single board computer and power supply, and a screen display. (<b>B</b>) Proposed procedure to image the esophagus using the ScanCap endoscopy capsule. Cross-sectional overview of ScanCap; a conscious, non-sedated patient swallows the tethered capsule. Forward motion of the capsule is propelled via the natural peristaltic forces of the esophagus; the capsule is withdrawn manually using the tether. (<b>C</b>) Standard endoscopy procedure to image the esophagus. The patient is sedated while an endoscope is introduced into the upper gastrointestinal tract.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Schema of the ScanCap system and photographs of prototype. (<b>A</b>) Photograph (top) and schematic (bottom) of prototype ScanCap capsule, including tether, optical fibers that deliver blue and green light from the illumination module, 3D-printed sensor cap that holds Raspberry PiCam and lens, acrylic wall, mirror, micromotor, and 3D-printed motor cap. (<b>B</b>) Photograph of ScanCap capsule and control system modules, including the illumination and control modules. (<b>C</b>) Schematic diagram of illumination module.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Diagram of image sequence acquisition. (<b>A</b>) Hypothetical image capture sequence if the mirror and the camera were rotated together. (<b>B</b>) Actual ScanCap image sequence with rotating mirror and stationary camera. (<b>C</b>) Image sequence taken with ScanCap with motor rotating the mirror. In each diagram, the full ScanCap field of view (FOV) (12 × 7 mm<sup>2</sup>) and the smaller region of interest (5 × 5 mm<sup>2</sup>) are depicted. The full ScanCap FOV is utilized for mosaicking purposes and enables full coverage of the center 5 × 5 mm<sup>2</sup> region of interest.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>A</b>) ScanCap image of 1951 USAF resolution test target showing a 5 mm × 5 mm area of the full field of view (FOV). (<b>B</b>) Zoomed-in picture of the United States Air Force (USAF) standard resolution target showing that ScanCap can resolve group six, element one (7.8 µm).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>A</b>) Representative single frames acquired while the motor rotated. Each image shows a 5 mm × 5 mm segment of the 12 × 7 mm<sup>2</sup> field of view (FOV). (<b>B</b>) Stitched image of the frames captured in (<b>A</b>).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>A</b>) Image of buccal mucosa (lower lip) obtained using an Olympus CV-180 endoscope with narrow-band imaging. (<b>B</b>) A 5 mm × 5 mm zoomed-in image from a representative area of the endoscopic capture. (<b>C</b>) Images of human buccal mucosa (lower lip) obtained with ScanCap. The ScanCap field of view (FOV) is cropped to show a 5 mm × 5 mm segment of the 12 × 7 mm<sup>2</sup> FOV.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>ScanCap image of resected esophageal specimen. The image shows the entire ScanCap field of view (12 mm × 7 mm). Inset, lower right: Photograph of resected specimen showing approximate location of ScanCap image acquisition (yellow rectangle). The proximal end of the esophagus specimen was on the top right, while the distal end was on the bottom left. The irregular squamocolumnar junction (Z-line) shows characteristic features of esophageal metaplasia. Barrett’s islands and dilated vasculature were also observed in the capsule images.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. ScanCap System Design and Workflow
2.2. ScanCap Capsule Design
2.3. ScanCap Control System Design
2.4. Motor Rotation
2.5. Performance Evaluation
2.6. Safety Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Performance Evaluation Results
3.2. Motor Results
3.3. Safety Evaluation—Capsule Integrity and Potential for Esophageal Damage
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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System | Cost | Spatial Resolution Field of View View Angle | Image Acquisition Speed | Imaging Modality | Sedation Used |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ScanCap | $1427 ($323 capsule + $35 control module + $69 screen display, $1000 illumination module) | 15 µm 12 mm × 7 mm 360° side viewing | 10 fps | Blue Green Illumination | No |
Olympus CV-190 (GIF-HQ190) [41] | $83,000 | 10–70 µm 100 mm × 80 mm 140° forward viewing | 60 fps | White light & Narrow band imaging | Yes |
System | Use | Size Length × Diameter (mm) | Battery Life (h) | Image Sensor Size (Pixels) | Field of View | Communication |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PillCam SB3 [43] | Small bowel | 26.2 × 11.4 | 11 | 340 × 340 | 156° forward viewing | Radio Frequency |
CapsoCam Plus [44] | Small bowel | 31.0 × 11.0 | 15 | 1920 × 1080 | 360° side viewing | Retrieval |
Endocapsule 10 [45] | Small bowel | 26.0 × 11.0 | 12 | NA | 160° forward viewing | Radio Frequency |
OMOM Capsule [46] | Small bowel | 27.9 × 13.0 | 12 | 512 × 512 | 172° forward viewing | Radio Frequency |
OCT Capsule [47] | Esophagus | 28.0 × 12.0 | NA | NA | 360° side viewing | Tethered |
ScanCap | Esophagus | 35.5 × 12.8 | NA | 1920 × 1080 | 360° side viewing | Tethered |
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Hicheri, C.; Azimuddin, A.M.; Kortum, A.; Bailey, J.; Tang, Y.; Schwarz, R.A.; Rosen, D.; Jain, S.; Mansour, N.M.; Groth, S.; et al. Design and Evaluation of ScanCap: A Low-Cost, Reusable Tethered Capsule Endoscope with Blue-Green Illumination Imaging for Unsedated Screening and Early Detection of Barrett’s Esophagus. Bioengineering 2024, 11, 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060557
Hicheri C, Azimuddin AM, Kortum A, Bailey J, Tang Y, Schwarz RA, Rosen D, Jain S, Mansour NM, Groth S, et al. Design and Evaluation of ScanCap: A Low-Cost, Reusable Tethered Capsule Endoscope with Blue-Green Illumination Imaging for Unsedated Screening and Early Detection of Barrett’s Esophagus. Bioengineering. 2024; 11(6):557. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060557
Chicago/Turabian StyleHicheri, Cheima, Ahad M. Azimuddin, Alex Kortum, Joseph Bailey, Yubo Tang, Richard A. Schwarz, Daniel Rosen, Shilpa Jain, Nabil M. Mansour, Shawn Groth, and et al. 2024. "Design and Evaluation of ScanCap: A Low-Cost, Reusable Tethered Capsule Endoscope with Blue-Green Illumination Imaging for Unsedated Screening and Early Detection of Barrett’s Esophagus" Bioengineering 11, no. 6: 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11060557