Aromatic Characterization of Graševina Wines from Slavonia and Podunavlje Sub-Regions
<p>Concentration level comparison of α-terpinene, γ-terpinene, 1,4-cineol, and 4-terpineol between Graševina wine samples (G—blue) and other wine samples (CH—Chardonnay, PG—Pinot gris—yellow) obtained from nine producers (P1–P9).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>The heatmap corresponding to 57 VOCs and 32 samples from two different geographical sub-regions, Podunavlje (P) and Slavonia (S), followed by their vintages.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>The PLS-DA score scatter plot (<b>top</b>) and the correlation circle plot (<b>bottom</b>) for 57 VOCs associated with 32 samples from two geographical sub-regions, Podunavlje (P) and Slavonia (S).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The heatmap corresponding to a total of 22 VOCs and 32 samples from 2 different geographical sub-regions, Podunavlje (P) and Slavonia (S), followed by their vintages.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The PLS-DA score scatter plot (<b>top</b>) and the correlation circle plot (<b>bottom</b>) for 22 VOCs associated with 32 samples from 2 geographical regions, Podunavlje (P) and Slavonia (S).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Slavonia and Podunavlje sub-regions are divided by a red line with the geographical positions of wine producers marked in blue and violet, respectively. Producer labels are listed in <a href="#app1-beverages-10-00024" class="html-app">Table S1</a>. The figure was obtained using Google Earth version 6.1.</p> "> Figure A1
<p>The correlogram, based on Pearson’s correlation coefficients (α = 5%), for all 57 VOCs in all samples, independent of geographical regions.</p> "> Figure A2
<p>The PCA score scatter plot (<b>top</b>) and biplot (loadings and score plot) (<b>bottom</b>) in the rotated space for 57 VOCs associated with 32 samples from 2 geographical sub-regions, Podunavlje (P) and Slavonia (S).</p> "> Figure A2 Cont.
<p>The PCA score scatter plot (<b>top</b>) and biplot (loadings and score plot) (<b>bottom</b>) in the rotated space for 57 VOCs associated with 32 samples from 2 geographical sub-regions, Podunavlje (P) and Slavonia (S).</p> "> Figure A3
<p>The PCA score scatter plot (<b>top</b>) and the biplot (<b>bottom</b>) in the rotated space for 22 VOCs associated with 32 samples from 2 geographical sub-regions, Podunavlje (P) and Slavonia (S).</p> "> Figure A3 Cont.
<p>The PCA score scatter plot (<b>top</b>) and the biplot (<b>bottom</b>) in the rotated space for 22 VOCs associated with 32 samples from 2 geographical sub-regions, Podunavlje (P) and Slavonia (S).</p> "> Figure A4
<p>The individual loadings of all 57 VOCs in the PLS-DA method on the 1st component independent of the geographical region. The larger the magnitude of the loading, the more influential the corresponding variable is in distinguishing between the classes.</p> "> Figure A5
<p>The individual loadings of all 57 VOCs in the PLS-DA method on the second component, independent of geographical regions. The larger the magnitude of the loading, the more influential the corresponding variable is in distinguishing between the classes.</p> "> Figure A6
<p>The individual loadings of the 22 VOCs in the PLS-DA method on the first component, independent of geographical regions. The larger the magnitude of the loading, the more influential the corresponding variable is in distinguishing between the classes.</p> "> Figure A7
<p>The individual loadings of the 22 VOCs in the PLS-DA method on the second component, independent of geographical regions. The larger the magnitude of the loading, the more influential the corresponding variable is in distinguishing between the classes.</p> "> Figure A8
<p>The Boxplots and the Scattergrams showing the patterns and trends in 22 VOCs from the Podunavlje sub-region.</p> "> Figure A9
<p>The Boxplots and the Scattergrams showing the patterns and trends in 22 VOCs from the Slavonia sub-region.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Commercial Samples
2.3. Determination of Volatile Compounds
2.4. Multivariate Data Analysis and Data Visualization
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Comparison of Aroma Compounds between Graševina Wines and Other Wines from the Same Producers
3.2. Identifying Patterns in the Whole Dataset Using Heatmaps and Hierarchical Clustering
3.3. Relationships between the Groups of VOCs and Samples Using PCA and PLS-DA
3.4. Multivariate Data Analysis Based on 22 VOCs
3.5. Relationships between the Groups of VOCs and Samples Using PCA and PLS-DA
3.6. Potential Markers of Graševina Wines’ Regionality
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Correlation Matrix and (Pearson) Correlation Coefficients
Appendix B. PCA Results
F1 | F2 | F3 | F4 | F5 | F6 | F7 | F8 | F9 | F10 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eigenvalue | 15.215 | 8.693 | 5.653 | 4.238 | 3.587 | 2.536 | 2.410 | 2.043 | 1.741 | 1.668 |
Variability (%) | 26.694 | 15.252 | 9.917 | 7.434 | 6.293 | 4.449 | 4.227 | 3.584 | 3.055 | 2.927 |
Cumulative % | 26.694 | 41.945 | 51.862 | 59.297 | 65.590 | 70.039 | 74.266 | 77.850 | 80.905 | 83.832 |
VOC | α-Terpinen | 1,4-Cineol | (+)-Limonene | γ-Terpinene | Z-3-Hexenyl Acetate | α-Terpinolene | E-Nerolidol |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F1 | 2.713 | 0.297 | 2.419 | 2.239 | 3.287 | 2.940 | 3.345 |
F2 | 4.264 * | 5.494 * | 4.803 | 4.018 * | 1.937 | 4.450 * | 0.021 |
VOC | cis-Geraniol | Vitispirane 2 | Linalool | TDN | trans-Linalool oxide | Ethyl dodecanoate | trans-β-Damascenone |
F1 | 2.574 | 0.802 | 3.188 | 0.415 | 0.494 | 3.215 * | 3.701 * |
F2 | 0.463 | 5.164 * | 0.311 | 6.407 * | 6.184 * | 0.396 | 0.999 |
VOC | Hexyl acetate | Ethyl octanoate | p-Cymene | Ethyl leucate | Ethyl phenylacetate | Propyl acetate | Isoamyl acetate |
F1 | 4.315 * | 3.706 * | 1.996 | 3.112 | 3.815 * | 4.015 * | 3.854 |
F2 | 2.068 | 0.311 | 6.172 * | 0.029 | 0.255 | 1.301 | 2.819 |
VOC | Octyl acetate | Ethyl isovalerate | Citronellol | Ethyl isobutyrate | trans-Linalool oxide | Ethyl hexanoate | |
F1 | 3.119 | 3.193 * | 4.132 * | 4.211 * | 2.940 | 2.604 | |
F2 | 0.511 | 0.021 | 0.082 | 0.369 | 4.450 * | 0.726 |
Appendix C. PLS-DA Loadings for 57 VOCs and 22 VOCs
Appendix D. Boxplots and Scattergram
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Terpenes | Quantified Ion (m/z) | Calibration Curve (k 5) | Calibration Range (µg/L) | R2 | Repeatability 6 (%) | Recovery 7 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3-carene 1 | 93 | 0.0347 | 0.01–2 | 0.997 | 6.1 | 79 |
α-terpinene 1 | 136 | 0.0198 | 0.01–2 | 0.9999 | 7.0 | 93 |
1,4-cineole 1 | 111 | 0.0155 | 0.01–2 | 0.9995 | 3.0 | 108 |
limonene 1 | 136 | 0.0164 | 0.01–2 | 0.9995 | 7.0 | 112 |
eucalyptol 1 | 108 | 0.0085 | 0.01–2 | 0.9997 | 3.0 | 97 |
δ-terpinene 1 | 136 | 0.0123 | 0.01–2 | 0.9992 | 7.3 | 92 |
p-cymene 1 | 119 | 0.0072 | 0.01–2 | 0.9997 | 8.2 | 95 |
α-terpinolene 1 | 136 | 0.00054 | 0.01–2 | 0.998 | 8.0 | 117 |
cis-rose oxide 1 | 139 | 0.0743 | 0.05–10 | 0.9997 | 7.1 | 90 |
trans-rose oxide 1 | 139 | 0.0463 | 0.05–10 | 0.9996 | 7.1 | 89 |
trans-linalool oxide 2 | 94 | 0.0016 | 0.5–100 | 0.9999 | 9.3 | 114 |
cis-linalool oxide 2 | 94 | 0.0012 | 0.5–100 | 0.9999 | 7.4 | 102 |
linalool 2 | 93 | 0.0134 | 0.5–100 | 0.9990 | 8.4 | 110 |
4-terpineol 2 | 111 | 0.0139 | 0.05–10 | 0.9999 | 4.5 | 90 |
α-terpineol 2 | 93 | 0.0081 | 0.5–100 | 0.9999 | 6.1 | 97 |
cis-geraniol (nerol) 4 | 93 | 0.0027 | 0.5–100 | 0.9998 | 5.1 | 102 |
trans geraniol 4 | 136 | 0.0014 | 0.5–100 | 0.998 | 7.6 | 104 |
trans-nerolidol 4 | 93 | 0.0289 | 0.05–10 | 0.998 | 8.7 | 87 |
E-nerolidol 4 | 93 | 0.0264 | 0.05–10 | 0.996 | 7.2 | 85 |
citronellol 4 | 93 | 0.0126 | 0.5–100 | 0.998 | 6.8 | 112 |
Norisoprenoids | ||||||
vitispirane 1 3 | 192 | 2.80 | 0.5–100 | 0.997 | 5.1 | 94 |
vitispirane 2 3 | 192 | 2.08 | 0.5–100 | 0.998 | 5.2 | 97 |
TDN | 157 | 4.79 | 0.05–10 | 0.998 | 4.8 | 102 |
trans-β-damascenone 3 | 190 | 0.226 | 0.05–10 | 0.9998 | 4.9 | 97 |
α-ionone 3 | 121 | 0.898 | 0.01–2 | 0.995 | 5.4 | 103 |
β -ionone 3 | 177 | 1.395 | 0.01–2 | 0.9998 | 6.1 | 89 |
Internal Standards | Stock Solution (g/L) | Stock Mix Solution (mg/L) | Sample Solution (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|
For terpenes | |||
geraniol d6 | 0.1 | 10 | 33.3 |
linalool d5 | 0.1 | 10 | 33.3 |
2-octanol | 0.1 | 10 | 33.3 |
ethyl trans cinnamate d5 | 2.5 | 0.75 | 0.3 |
For norisoprenoids | |||
ethyl trans cinnamate d5 | 2.5 | 0.75 | 0.3 |
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Martelanc, M.; Antalick, G.; Radovanović Vukajlović, T.; Mozetič Vodopivec, B.; Sternad Lemut, M.; Hosseini, A.; Obradović, V.; Mesić, J.; Butinar, L. Aromatic Characterization of Graševina Wines from Slavonia and Podunavlje Sub-Regions. Beverages 2024, 10, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10020024
Martelanc M, Antalick G, Radovanović Vukajlović T, Mozetič Vodopivec B, Sternad Lemut M, Hosseini A, Obradović V, Mesić J, Butinar L. Aromatic Characterization of Graševina Wines from Slavonia and Podunavlje Sub-Regions. Beverages. 2024; 10(2):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10020024
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartelanc, Mitja, Guillaume Antalick, Tatjana Radovanović Vukajlović, Branka Mozetič Vodopivec, Melita Sternad Lemut, Ahmad Hosseini, Valentina Obradović, Josip Mesić, and Lorena Butinar. 2024. "Aromatic Characterization of Graševina Wines from Slavonia and Podunavlje Sub-Regions" Beverages 10, no. 2: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/beverages10020024