Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Dominant Mosses (Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt.) as Bioindicators of the Expressway Influence on Forest Ecosystems
<p>Location of study plots.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Sampling scheme in the study plots.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Contents of Cd, Cr, and Cu in mosses in the study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas free of traffic influence (ANOVA, New Providence, NJ, USA Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B74-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">74</a>,<a href="#B80-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">80</a>].</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Contents of Ni, Pb, and Zn in mosses in the study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas devoid of traffic influence (ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B74-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">74</a>].</p> "> Figure 4 Cont.
<p>Contents of Ni, Pb, and Zn in mosses in the study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas devoid of traffic influence (ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B74-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">74</a>].</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Cd and Cr contents in blueberry leaves in study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas devoid of traffic influence (ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B75-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p> "> Figure 5 Cont.
<p>Cd and Cr contents in blueberry leaves in study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas devoid of traffic influence (ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B75-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Cu and Ni contents in blueberry leaves in the study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas devoid of traffic influence (ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B76-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p> "> Figure 6 Cont.
<p>Cu and Ni contents in blueberry leaves in the study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas devoid of traffic influence (ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B76-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Pb and Zn contents in blueberry leaves in the study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas devoid of traffic influence (ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B75-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p> "> Figure 7 Cont.
<p>Pb and Zn contents in blueberry leaves in the study zones under pine (So) and fir (Jd) stands with reference contents (R) in areas devoid of traffic influence (ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, <span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.05) [<a href="#B75-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">75</a>,<a href="#B76-atmosphere-15-00971" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Igeo geoaccumulation factor analysis in the 0–3 cm layer of soils for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Area of Study
- Stands “newly opened” to the impact of deposition—stands around strips cut for the construction of the S7 route, in use since 2009–2011 (5 plots; plots: no. 1–5);
- Stands under the influence of deposition for a long time—stands around strips cut for the construction of the S7 route in the 1970s (3 transects; plots: no. 6–8).
2.2. Sampling Scheme
2.3. Quality Control of the Obtained Measurement Results
2.4. Statistical Processing of Results
2.5. Geoaccumulation Index—Igeo
- C—current content of heavy metals in the top soil layer
- Bn—heavy metal content of the parent rock or geochemical background
- 1.5—represents the background scattering due to lithogenic variations
- ≤0: Not to weakly polluted;
- 0–1: Weakly to moderately polluted;
- 1–2: Moderately polluted;
- 2–3: Moderately to strongly polluted;
- 3–4: Strongly polluted;
- 4–5: Strongly to excessively polluted;
- ≥5: Excessively polluted.
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element [mg·kg−1] | Species | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Under Fir Stands | Under Pine Stands | |||
Pollution Deposition Period [Number of Years] | ||||
9 | 36 | 9 | 36 | |
Cd | 0.36 ± 0.09 a | 0.35 ± 0.22 a | 0.28 ± 0.00 a | 0.25 ± 0.04 a |
Cr | 7.21 ± 6.38 a | 4.68 ± 2.99 a | 3.69 ± 1.42 a | 3.61 ± 1.00 a |
Cu | 11.25 ± 2.35 a | 13.69 ± 4.45 a | 10.27 ± 2.27 a | 11.25 ± 6.37 a |
Ni | 3.93 ± 2.62 a | 2.63 ± 1.26 b | 1.84 ± 0.48 a | 1.67 ± 0.37 a |
Pb | 10.06 ± 4.76 a | 7.65 ± 3.66 a | 7.61 ± 3.58 a | 7.05 ± 2.16 a |
Zn | 52.85 ± 12.11 a | 57.59 ± 16.84 a | 58.58 ± 7.35 a | 56.46 ± 6.15 a |
Element [mg·kg−1] | Species | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Under Fir Stands | Under Pine Stands | |||
Pollution Deposition Period [Number of Years] | ||||
9 | 36 | 9 | 36 | |
Cd | 0.10 ± 0.04 a | 0.10 ± 0.04 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.10 ± 0.02 b |
Cr | 1.10 ± 0.30 a | 0.80 ± 0.14 b | 0.40 ± 0.23 a | 0.60 ± 0.23 a |
Cu | 7.30 ± 1.30 a | 6.70 ± 0.86 a | 6.40 ± 1.21 a | 7.20 ± 2.51 a |
Ni | 2.90 ± 0.53 a | 1.70 ± 0.41 b | 1.60 ± 0.59 a | 1.70 ± 0.58 a |
Pb | 1.30 ± 0.38 a | 0.90 ± 0.16 b | 0.60 ± 0.26 a | 1.00 ± 0.51 b |
Zn | 16.10 ± 1.77 a | 15.60 ± 1.83 a | 16.30 ± 2.48 a | 20.80 ± 3.59 b |
Element [mg·kg−1] | Scots Pine | Silver Fir | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Presence of Forest Edge | ||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |
n = 58 | n = 20 | n = 20 | n = 58 | |
Cd | 0.28 ± 0.07 a | 0.25 ± 0.04 a | 0.41 ± 0.09 a | 0.34 ± 0.19 a |
Cr | 3.69 ± 1.42 a | 3.61 ± 10 a | 5.86 ± 2.31 a | 5.93 ± 5.74 a |
Cu | 10.27 ± 2.27 a | 11.25 ± 6.37 a | 12.14 ± 1.72 a | 12.63 ± 4.26 a |
Ni | 1.84 ± 0.48 a | 1.67 ± 0.37 a | 3.50 ± 1.32 a | 3.18 ± 2.35 a |
Pb | 7.61 ± 3.58 a | 7.05 ± 2.16 a | 11.74 ± 5.45 a | 7.82 ± 3.45 b |
Zn | 51.58 ± 7.35 a | 56.46 ± 6.15 b | 56.03 ± 12.53 a | 55.02 ± 15.63 a |
Element [mg·kg−1] | Scots Pine | Silver Fir | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Presence of Forest Edge | ||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | |
n = 58 | n = 20 | n = 20 | n = 58 | |
Cd | 0.04 ± 0.00 a | 0.06 ± 0.02 b | 0.12 ± 0.03 a | 0.08 ± 0.04 b |
Cr | 0.44 ± 0.20 a | 0.56 ± 0.23 a | 1.11 ± 0.23 a | 0.87 ± 0.24 b |
Cu | 6.44 ± 1.20 a | 6.58 ± 0.87 a | 7.56 ± 1.65 a | 6.87 ± 0.76 a |
Ni | 1.61 ± 0.50 a | 1.74 ± 0.58 a | 2.94 ± 0.50 a | 2.24 ± 0.75 b |
Pb | 0.60 ± 0.23 a | 0.90 ± 0.20 b | 1.46 ± 0.42 a | 1.02 ± 0.22 b |
Zn | 16.30 ± 2.48 a | 20.84 ± 3.59 b | 16.29 ± 2.14 a | 15.70 ± 1.57 a |
Element [mg·kg−1] | Scots Pine | Silver Fir | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Position of Surface in Relation to the Road | ||||||
Equally | Above | Under | Equally | Above | Under | |
n = 20 | n = 18 | n = 40 | n = 18 | n = 40 | ||
Cd | 0.22 ± 0.06 a | 0.27 ± 0.04 b | 0.29 ± 0.06 b | Bd 1 | 0.40 ± 0.17 a | 0.24 ± 0.09 b |
Cr | 2.97 ± 1.45 a | 3.84 ± 1.19 ab | 3.94 ± 1.20 b | Bd | 6.26 ± 5.52 a | 4.91 ± 3.38 a |
Cu | 11.06 ± 3.05 a | 9.38 ± 0.87 a | 10.76 ± 4.69 a | Bd | 11.74 ± 3.45 a | 14.70 ± 3.87 b |
Ni | 1.85 ± 0.53 a | 1.83 ± 0.44 a | 1.76 ± 0.43 | Bd | 3.40 ± 2.30 a | 2.86 ± 1.49 a |
Pb | 5.53 ± 1.56 a | 6.63 ± 1.63 a | 8.81 ± 3.83 b | Bd | 9.45 ± 4.76 a | 7.01 ± 2.21 b |
Zn | 48.80 ± 7.99 a | 51.42 ± 6.62 ab | 55.48 ± 6.31 b | Bd | 55.30 ± 15.91 a | 55.22 ± 11.47 a |
Element [mg·kg−1] | Scots Pine | Silver Fir | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Position of Surface in Relation to the Road | ||||||
Equally | Above | Under | Equally | Above | Under | |
n = 20 | n = 18 | n = 40 | n = 18 | n = 40 | ||
Cd | 0.04 ± 0.03 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 a | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | bd 1 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | bd |
Cr | 0.18 ± 0.12 a | 0.54 ± 0.18 b | 0.58 ± 0.18 b | bd | 0.95 ± 0.26 | bd |
Cu | 7.57 ± 0.77 a | 6.40 ± 1.01 b | 5.94 ± 0.96 b | bd | 7.12 ± 1.19 | bd |
Ni | 2.13 ± 0.56 a | 1.38 ± 0.49 b | 1.54 ± 0.51 b | bd | 2.49 ± 0.74 | bd |
Pb | 0.38 ± 0.16 a | 0.58 ± 0.16 b | 0.86 ± 0.18 c | bd | 1.18 ± 0.37 | bd |
Zn | 14.63 ± 1.70 a | 16.31 ± 2.18 a | 19.40 ± 3.34 b | bd | 15.91 ± 1.79 | bd |
Element [mg·kg−1] | Scots Pine | Silver Fir | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stand Age | ||||||
53 + 57 | 66 | 88 | 65 | 93 + 94 | 113 | |
n = 40 | n = 20 | n = 20 | n = 20 | n = 40 | n = 18 | |
Cd | 0.26 ± 0.04 a | 0.22 ± 0.06 b | 0.33 ± 0.06 c | 0.24 ± 0.09 a | 0.43 ± 0.17 b | 0.31 ± 0.07 a |
Cr | 3.72 ± 1.09 ab | 2.97 ± 1.45 a | 4.27 ± 1.31 b | 4.91 ± 3.38 a | 5.16 ± 2.46 a | 8.71 ± 8.84 b |
Cu | 10.31 ± 3.62 a | 11.06 ± 3.05 a | 10.28 ± 2.02 a | 14.70 ± 3.87 a | 12.42 ± 3.29 b | 10.25 ± 2.59 b |
Ni | 1.75 ± 0.40 a | 1.85 ± 0.53 a | 1.85 ± 0.49 | 2.86 ± 1.49 a | 2.95 ± 1.15 a | 4.41 ± 3.54 b |
Pb | 6.84 ± 1.89 a | 5.53 ± 1.56 a | 10.57 ± 4.36 b | 7.01 ± 2.21 a | 10.01 ± 5.06 b | 8.20 ± 3.01 ab |
Zn | 53.94 ± 6.38 a | 48.80 ± 7.99 b | 54.5 ± 6.48 a | 55.22 ± 11.47 a | 57.99 ± 16.74 a | 49.31 ± 10.90 a |
Element [mg·kg−1] | Scots Pine | Silver Fir | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stand Age | ||||||
53 + 57 | 66 | 88 | 65 | 93 + 94 | 113 | |
n = 40 | n = 20 | n = 20 | n = 20 | n = 40 | n = 18 | |
Cd | 0.05 ± 0.02 a | 0.04 ± 0.03 a | 0.05 ± 0.01 a | bd | 0.11 ± 0.04 a | 0.07 ± 0.02 b |
Cr | 0.55 ± 0.20 a | 0.18 ± 0.12 b | 0.61 ± 0.11 a | bd | 0.93 ± 0.19 a | 1.03 ± 0.25 a |
Cu | 6.49 ± 0.94 a | 7.57 ± 0.77 b | 5.35 ± 0.60 c | bd | 7.14 ± 1.26 a | 7.06 ± 0.61 a |
Ni | 1.56 ± 0.53 a | 2.13 ± 0.56 b | 1.33 ± 0.34 a | bd | 2.34 ± 0.45 a | 2.86 ± 0.58 a |
Pb | 0.74 ± 0.18 a | 0.38 ± 0.16 b | 0.82 ± 0.16 a | bd | 1.20 ± 0.29 a | 1.13 ± 0.23 a |
Zn | 18.58 ± 2.88 a | 14.63 ± 1.70 b | 17.96 ± 2.39 a | bd | 15.92 ± 1.98 a | 15.89 ± 1.20 a |
Element [mg·kg−1] | Mosses | Blueberry | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Fir Stands n = 78 | Pine Stands n = 78 | Fir Stands n = 42 | Pine Stands n = 60 | |
Cd | 0.36 ± 0.17 a | 0.27 ± 0.07 b | 0.09 ± 0.04 a | 0.04 ± 0.02 b |
Cr | 5.91 ± 5.07 a | 3.67 ± 1.32 b | 0.98 ± 0.31 a | 0.47 ± 0.23 b |
Cu | 12.5 ± 3.77 a | 10.52 ± 3.74 b | 7.12 ± 1.19 a | 6.63 ± 1.64 a |
Ni | 3.26 ± 2.13 a | 1.80 ± 0.46 b | 2.49 ± 0.74 a | 1.65 ± 0.59 b |
Pb | 8.82 ± 4.37 a | 7.47 ± 3.27 b | 1.18 ± 0.37 a | 0.72 ± 0.38 b |
Zn | 55.28 ±14.83 a | 52.83 ± 7.34 b | 15.91 ± 1.79 a | 17.44 ± 3.40 b |
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Warczyk, A.; Gruba, P.; Józefowska, A.; Wanic, T.; Warczyk, A.; Świątek, B.; Bujak, J.; Pietrzykowski, M. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Dominant Mosses (Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt.) as Bioindicators of the Expressway Influence on Forest Ecosystems. Atmosphere 2024, 15, 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080971
Warczyk A, Gruba P, Józefowska A, Wanic T, Warczyk A, Świątek B, Bujak J, Pietrzykowski M. Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Dominant Mosses (Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt.) as Bioindicators of the Expressway Influence on Forest Ecosystems. Atmosphere. 2024; 15(8):971. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080971
Chicago/Turabian StyleWarczyk, Arkadiusz, Piotr Gruba, Agnieszka Józefowska, Tomasz Wanic, Agata Warczyk, Bartłomiej Świątek, Julita Bujak, and Marcin Pietrzykowski. 2024. "Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Dominant Mosses (Pleurozium schreberi (Willd. ex Brid.) Mitt.) as Bioindicators of the Expressway Influence on Forest Ecosystems" Atmosphere 15, no. 8: 971. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos15080971