Spider Lightning Characterization: Integrating Optical, NLDN, and GLM Detection
<p>(<b>a</b>) Location of Bonita Springs (26.3° N, 81.8° W) on a map of South Florida. (<b>b</b>) Locations of Camera 1 (26.3° N, 81.8° W) and Camera 2 (26.4° N, 81.8° W) and their fields of view. The red dots on the map represent the locations of the cameras, with numbers 1 and 2 indicating Camera 1 and Camera 2, respectively. The light blue triangles show the field of view of each camera. (<b>c</b>) View captured by Camera 1 (<b>upper panel</b>) and photograph depicting the camera’s setting and outside view (<b>lower panel</b>).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Lightning locations reported by the NLDN on 13 July 2022 from 21:00:00 UTC to 23:00:00 UTC, in a view of the coordinate of 25.2° N–27° N and 81° W–82° W, with a color scale from red to violet in the 15 min time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in hours and minutes (UTC), and the numbers in brackets indicate the flash counts that occurred within each time frame. (<b>b</b>) The maximum peak current per minute within the time interval. (<b>c</b>) Histogram of the peak current distribution of the flashes occurring during the time interval, color-coded by ICP, ICN, CGP, and CGN. The quantities presented are the flash count, arithmetic mean (AM), median, geometric mean (GM), standard deviation (SD), minimum (Min), and maximum (Max) peak current.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 13 July 2022, at 22:15:56 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The video recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 13 July 2022, from 22:15:56.25 UTC to 22:15:57.30 UTC. The map displays a view of the coordinates of 26° N–27° N and 81° W–82° W, with a color scale ranging from red to violet in a 150 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the flash counts within each time frame. The right panel shows a zoomed-in view of the box displayed in the left panel.</p> "> Figure 3 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 13 July 2022, at 22:15:56 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The video recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 13 July 2022, from 22:15:56.25 UTC to 22:15:57.30 UTC. The map displays a view of the coordinates of 26° N–27° N and 81° W–82° W, with a color scale ranging from red to violet in a 150 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the flash counts within each time frame. The right panel shows a zoomed-in view of the box displayed in the left panel.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 13 July 2022, at 22:22:58 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The video recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 13 July 2022, from 22:22:58.4 UTC to 22:22:59.8 UTC. The map displays a view of the coordinates of 25.8° N–27° N and 81.4° W–82° W, with a color scale ranging from red to violet in a 200 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the flash counts within each time frame. The right panel shows a zoomed-in view of the box displayed in the left panel.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 13 July 2022, at 22:25:11 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) A zoomed-in frame of 360 ms of (<b>a</b>) and a position of each branch’s tip at different times (220 ms, 260, ms, 280 ms, and 340 ms) are displayed. (<b>c</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 13 July, from 22:30:10.00 UTC to 22:30:11.75 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 25.8° N–27° N and 81.4° W–82° W, with a color scale from red to violet in each 250 ms time window in the time interval. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the flash counts within each time frame.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Lightning locations reported by the NLDN on 23 July 2022 from 00:45:00 UTC to 02:30:00 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 25° N–27° N and 81° W–82° W, with a color scale from red to violet in each time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in hours and minutes (UTC), and the numbers in brackets indicate the flash counts that occurred within a 15 min time frame. (<b>b</b>) The maximum peak current per minute within the time interval. (<b>c</b>) Histogram of the peak current distribution of the flashes occurring during the time interval, color-coded by ICP, ICN, CGP, and CGN. The quantities presented are the flash count, arithmetic mean (AM), median, geometric mean (GM), standard deviation (SD), minimum (Min), and maximum (Max) peak current.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 23 July 2022, at 02:08:57 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 23 July 2022 from 22:08:57.2 UTC to 22:08:58.8 UTC. The map displays the coordinates of 25.9° N–26.4° N and 81.6° W–81.9° W, with a color scale ranging from red to violet in the 200 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame. The right panel shows a zoomed-in view of the box displayed in the left panel.</p> "> Figure 7 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 23 July 2022, at 02:08:57 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 23 July 2022 from 22:08:57.2 UTC to 22:08:58.8 UTC. The map displays the coordinates of 25.9° N–26.4° N and 81.6° W–81.9° W, with a color scale ranging from red to violet in the 200 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame. The right panel shows a zoomed-in view of the box displayed in the left panel.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>(<b>a</b>) Lightning locations reported by the NLDN on 8 September 2022 from 00:30:00 UTC to 01:10:00 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 25.2° N–26.6° N and 81.0° W–81.9° W, with a color scale from red to violet in the 5 min time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in hours and minutes (UTC), and the numbers in brackets indicate the flash counts that occurred within the 5 min time frame. (<b>b</b>) The maximum peak current per minute within the time interval. (<b>c</b>) Histogram of the peak current distribution of the flashes occurring during the time interval, color-coded by ICP, ICN, CGP, and CGN. The quantities presented are the flash count, arithmetic mean (AM), median, geometric mean (GM), standard deviation (SD), minimum (Min), and maximum (Max) peak current.</p> "> Figure 9
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 8 September 2022, at approximately 00:57:50.60 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 60 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 17 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 8 September 2022 from 00:57:50.8 UTC to 00:57:52.2 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 26.1° N–26.35° N and 81.4° W–81.9° W, with a color scale from red to violet in each 200 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame.</p> "> Figure 10
<p>(<b>a</b>) Lightning locations reported by the NLDN on 16 October 2022 from 02:00:00 UTC to 02:49:00 UTC, in a view of the coordinate boundaries of 26.2° N–26.5° N and 81.8° W–82.0° W, with a color scale from red to violet in the 7 min time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in hours and minutes (UTC), and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes that occurred within the 7 min time frame. (<b>b</b>) The maximum peak current every minute within the time interval. (<b>c</b>) Histogram of the peak current distribution of the flashes occurring during the time interval, color-coded for ICP, ICN, CGP, and CGN. The quantities presented are the count, arithmetic mean (AM), median, geometric mean (GM), standard deviation (SD), minimum (Min), and maximum (Max) peak current.</p> "> Figure 11
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 16 October 2022 at 02:45:51 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 16 October 2022 from 02:45:50.0 UTC to 02:45:52.0 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 26.20° N–26.35° N and 81.84° W–81.76° W, with a color scale from red to violet in each 100 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame.</p> "> Figure 11 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 16 October 2022 at 02:45:51 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 16 October 2022 from 02:45:50.0 UTC to 02:45:52.0 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 26.20° N–26.35° N and 81.84° W–81.76° W, with a color scale from red to violet in each 100 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame.</p> "> Figure A1
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 13 July 2022 at approximately 22:19:47 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 50 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 13 July 2022, from 22:19:47.00 UTC to 22:19:49.00 UTC. The map displays a view of the coordinates of 26° N–27° N and 81° W–82° W, with a color scale ranging from red to violet in the 250 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the flash counts within each time frame. The right panel shows a zoomed-in view of the box displayed in the left panel.</p> "> Figure A2
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 8 September 2022, at 00:55:34 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 60 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 17 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 8 September 2022, from 00:55:34.40 UTC to 00:55:35.10 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 26.10° N–26.45° N and 81.4° W–81.8° W, with a color scale from red to violet in the 100 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame.</p> "> Figure A2 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 8 September 2022, at 00:55:34 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 60 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 17 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 8 September 2022, from 00:55:34.40 UTC to 00:55:35.10 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 26.10° N–26.45° N and 81.4° W–81.8° W, with a color scale from red to violet in the 100 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame.</p> "> Figure A3
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 8 September 2022, at 01:01:29 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 60 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 8 September 2022, from 01:01:29.00 UTC to 01:01:29.84 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 26.10° N–26.35° N and 81.2° W–81.8° W, with a color scale from red to violet in the 120 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame.</p> "> Figure A3 Cont.
<p>(<b>a</b>) Discharge development recorded on 8 September 2022, at 01:01:29 UTC. Specific video frames are selected. The recording has a frame rate of 60 frames per second, corresponding to approximately 20 ms per frame. Photo courtesy of G. Green. (<b>b</b>) Lightning locations reported by the GLM data on 8 September 2022, from 01:01:29.00 UTC to 01:01:29.84 UTC, in a view of the coordinates of 26.10° N–26.35° N and 81.2° W–81.8° W, with a color scale from red to violet in the 120 ms time window. The range in the box represents the time frame in seconds, and the numbers in brackets indicate the count of flashes within each time frame.</p> "> Figure A4
<p>Snapshots of the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis Precipitation Composition (kg/m<sup>2</sup>/s) mean, from the NOAA Physical Science Laboratory, on (<b>a</b>) 13 July 2022, (<b>b</b>) 23 July 2022, (<b>c</b>) 8 September 2022, and (<b>d</b>) 16 October 2022.</p> "> Figure A5
<p>Snapshots of the NCEP North American Regional Reanalysis Air Temperature (°C) Composition mean, from the NOAA Physical Science Laboratory, at the pressure levels: (<b>a</b>) 450 mb, (<b>b</b>) 500 mb, (<b>c</b>) 550 mb, and (<b>d</b>) 600 mb. (<b>e</b>) A zoomed-in view of the yellow box shown in the panel (<b>a</b>). (<b>f</b>) The plot of the relationship between height and temperature, which was used to estimate the temperature at specific vertical heights.</p> "> Figure A6
<p>(<b>a</b>) Locations of canals and rivers in Southwest Florida from the canal network of South Florida. Adapted from <a href="http://sfwnd.gov" target="_blank">sfwnd.gov</a>, reported on June 2020. (<b>b</b>) Scatter plot of the locations of flashes occurring on 13 July at 22:22:58 UTC.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Events on 13 July 2022
3.1.1. Event on 13 July 2022 at 22:15:56 UTC
3.1.2. Event on 13 July 2022 at 22:22:58 UTC
3.1.3. Event on 13 July 2022 at 22:30:11 UTC
3.2. Event on 13 July 2022
3.3. Event on September 8
3.4. Event on 16 October 2022
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
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Green, G.; Watanabe, N. Spider Lightning Characterization: Integrating Optical, NLDN, and GLM Detection. Atmosphere 2023, 14, 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071191
Green G, Watanabe N. Spider Lightning Characterization: Integrating Optical, NLDN, and GLM Detection. Atmosphere. 2023; 14(7):1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071191
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreen, Gilbert, and Naomi Watanabe. 2023. "Spider Lightning Characterization: Integrating Optical, NLDN, and GLM Detection" Atmosphere 14, no. 7: 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos14071191