Chemometric Study of the Correlation between Human Exposure to Benzene and PAHs and Urinary Excretion of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers
<p>Distribution of log<sub>10</sub>-concentration values of urinary cotinine in 322 subjects.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Results of ComDim modeling. (<b>a</b>) Projection of the samples (scores) on the first two common components (CCs) of the model; the variable loadings associated to the same common components are displayed in panels (<b>b</b>) and (<b>c</b>) for exposure and oxidative stress biomarkers, respectively.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Score plot resulting from the ComDim analysis (same as <a href="#atmosphere-11-01341-f002" class="html-fig">Figure 2</a>a), colored according to smoker/non-smoker status defined based on urinary cotinine levels.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Results of multiple linear regression (MLR) modeling between individual oxidative stress biomarkers and the set of exposure biomarkers for the selected subset of 47 individuals with the highest level of exposure: plots of cross-validated predictions vs. observed values.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Urine Sample Collection
2.3. Chemicals and Supplies
2.4. Analysis of Urine Samples
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Chemometrics
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Sex | Total | |
---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | ||
All subjects | 188 (44.1%) | 238 (55.9%) | 426 |
Smokers | 46 | 80 | 126 |
Non-smokers | 142 | 158 | 300 |
BMI (kg/m2)-median | 28.01 | 25.23 | 26.47 |
All Subjects n. 426 | µg/g Creatinine | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8-oxoGua | 8-oxoGuo | 8-oxodGuo | SPMA | Cotinine | 1-OHPy | 6-OHNPy | 3-OHBaP | 1-OHNAP | 2-OHNAP | 1 + 2 OHNAP | |
Mean (STD) | 55.21 (38.19) | 9.70 (5.55) | 5.01 (3.99) | 0.75 (1.50) | 807.29 (2262.8) | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.28) | 4.91 × 10−3 (0.02) | 3.44 (6.14) | 3.18 (4.93) | 6.62 (9.16) |
5th | 13.80 | 2.64 | 0.45 | 3.45 × 10−3 | 1.87 | 9.69 × 10−5 | 5.85 × 10−5 | 1.32 × 10−5 | 9.03 × 10−4 | 3.64 × 10−3 | 0.01 |
50th | 45.37 | 8.86 | 4.40 | 0.17 | 11.38 | 0.01 | 1.70 × 10−4 | 3.30 × 10−5 | 1.36 | 1.44 | 3.47 |
95th | 126.88 | 20.11 | 11.98 | 3.50 | 3847.49 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.04 | 15.25 | 11.55 | 25.41 |
Smokers n. 126 | 8-oxoGua | 8-oxoGuo | 8-oxodGuo | SPMA | Cotinine | 1-OHPy | 6-OHNPy | 3-OHBaP | 1-OHNAP | 2-OHNAP | 1 + 2 OHNAP |
Mean (STD) | 55.16 (39.51) | 9.21 (5.38) | 4.84 (3.54) | 2.11 (2.21) | 2702.59 (3502.4) | 0.12 (0.17) | 0.07 (0.24) | 0.01 (0.02) | 6.73 (7.36) | 5.61 (6.31) | 12.33 (11.16) |
5th | 16.48 | 2.39 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 287.91 | 8.05 × 10−5 | 4.99 × 10−5 | 1.16 × 10−5 | 9.83 × 10−4 | 3.25 × 10−3 | 0.01 |
50th | 44.67 | 8.27 | 4.60 | 1.49 | 1359.88 | 0.06 | 1.41 × 10−4 | 2.61 × 10−5 | 4.15 | 4.05 | 10.15 |
95th | 131.88 | 19.14 | 10.99 | 6.07 | 9529.08 | 0.44 | 0.64 | 0.03 | 22.77 | 14.24 | 32.44 |
Non-smokers n. 300 | 8-oxoGua | 8-oxoGuo | 8-oxodGuo | SPMA | Cotinine | 1-OHPy | 6-OHNPy | 3-OHBaP | 1-OHNAP | 2-OHNAP | 1 + 2 OHNAP |
Mean (STD) | 55.23 (37.69) | 9.91 (5.62) | 5.08 (4.17) | 0.17 (0.23) | 11.27 (13.09) | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.29) | 4.61E-03 (0.02) | 4.94 (3.94) | 2.80 (3.80) | 4.22 (6.91) |
5th | 12.63 | 2.87 | 0.48 | 3.07 × 10−3 | 1.58 | 1.01 × 10−4 | 6.63 × 10−5 | 1.50 × 10−5 | 8.96 × 10−4 | 3.93 × 10−3 | 0.02 |
50th | 45.87 | 9.01 | 4.31 | 0.11 | 5.93 | 0.01 | 1.84 × 10−4 | 3.57 × 10−5 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 2.61 |
95th | 124.96 | 20.14 | 12.63 | 0.69 | 39.75 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 6.24 | 8.13 | 12.07 |
All Subjects n. 322 | Smokers n. 102 | Non-Smokers n. 220 | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean (STD) | 8.07 (4.15) | 8.24 (4.67) | 7.98 (3.90) |
5th perc. | 3.01 | 3.01 | 3.02 |
50th perc. | 7.34 | 7.38 | 7.29 |
95th perc. | 15.73 | 17.24 | 14.80 |
8-oxoGua | 8-oxoGuo | 8-oxodGuo | SPMA | Cotinine | 1-OHPy | 6-OHNPy | 3-OHBaP | 1-OHNAP | 2-OHNAP | 1 + 2 OHNAP | 3NO2Tyr | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Females | n. 238 | n. 181 | ||||||||||
Mean | 62.63 ** | 10.27 * | 5.30 | 0.96 ** | 1104.28 ** | 0.08 ** | 0.07 * | 0.01 * | 4.51 ** | 3.96 * | 8.46 ** | 8.90 ** |
STD | 42.39 | 6.05 | 4.51 | 1.73 | 2826.79 | 0.15 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 7.53 | 5.8 | 10.99 | 4.53 |
Males | n. 188 | n. 141 | ||||||||||
Mean | 46.00 | 8.99 | 4.65 | 0.47 | 431.27 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.004 | 2.09 | 2.210 | 4.29 | 6.99 |
STD | 29.63 | 4.78 | 3.20 | 1.10 | 1120.51 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 3.25 | 3.32 | 5.29 | 3.32 |
Age | BMI | 8oxoGua | 8oxoGuo | 8oxodGuo | 3NO2Tyr | Cotinine | SPMA | 1OHPy | 6OHNPy | 3OHBaP | 1OHNAP | 2OHNAP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | 0.154 | ||||||||||||
BMI | 0.201 | ||||||||||||
8oxoGua | 0.255 | −0.010 | |||||||||||
8oxoGuo | 0.145 | −0.003 | 0.335 | ||||||||||
8oxodGuo | 0.077 | −0.009 | 0.212 | 0.840 | |||||||||
3NO2Tyr | 0.160 | −0.019 | 0.633 | 0.623 | 0.493 | ||||||||
Cotinine | −0.084 | −0.038 | 0.138 | −0.001 | 0.035 | 0.134 | |||||||
SPMA | −0.049 | −0.027 | 0.060 | −0.069 | −0.076 | 0.085 | 0.638 | ||||||
1OHPy | 0.010 | 0.057 | 0.283 | 0.223 | 0.227 | 0.258 | 0.344 | 0.069 | |||||
6OHNPy | 0.122 | 0.022 | 0.306 | 0.257 | 0.258 | 0.328 | 0.117 | −0.053 | 0.441 | ||||
3OHBaP | 0.040 | 0.030 | −0.168 | 0.112 | 0.224 | −0.256 | 0.059 | −0.020 | 0.286 | 0.275 | |||
1OHNAP | −0.086 | −0.058 | 0.061 | −0.147 | −0.114 | −0.020 | 0.453 | 0.428 | 0.108 | −0.011 | −0.115 | ||
2OHNAP | −0.119 | 0.034 | 0.015 | 0.040 | 0.120 | 0.073 | 0.402 | 0.232 | 0.303 | 0.262 | 0.159 | 0.240 | |
1 + 2 OHNAP | −0.088 | 0.047 | 0.105 | −0.013 | 0.019 | 0.039 | 0.371 | 0.270 | 0.241 | 0.181 | 0.069 | 0.848 | 0.622 |
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Buonaurio, F.; Paci, E.; Pigini, D.; Marini, F.; Bauleo, L.; Ancona, C.; Tranfo, G. Chemometric Study of the Correlation between Human Exposure to Benzene and PAHs and Urinary Excretion of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. Atmosphere 2020, 11, 1341. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121341
Buonaurio F, Paci E, Pigini D, Marini F, Bauleo L, Ancona C, Tranfo G. Chemometric Study of the Correlation between Human Exposure to Benzene and PAHs and Urinary Excretion of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers. Atmosphere. 2020; 11(12):1341. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121341
Chicago/Turabian StyleBuonaurio, Flavia, Enrico Paci, Daniela Pigini, Federico Marini, Lisa Bauleo, Carla Ancona, and Giovanna Tranfo. 2020. "Chemometric Study of the Correlation between Human Exposure to Benzene and PAHs and Urinary Excretion of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers" Atmosphere 11, no. 12: 1341. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121341