Carbonaceous Particulate Matter Emitted from a Pellet-Fired Biomass Boiler
<p>Quantile box plots of individual SVOC concentrations pooled by compound class. Levoglucosan is the anhydrosugar. The line in the box is at the median. The whiskers indicate the 10% and 90% quantiles. SVOC data populations (<a href="#atmosphere-10-00536-t002" class="html-table">Table 2</a>): aliphatic diacid (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 81); alkanoic acid (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 160); anhydrosugar (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 15); aromatic acid (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 103); <span class="html-italic">b</span>-alkane (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 30); fatty acid (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 48); methoxy-phenol (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 84); <span class="html-italic">n</span>-alkane (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 296); polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 332); resin acid (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 38).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Filter-based OC–EC ratios in PM for individual tests sorted by heat load demand profile and fuel type. Panel A pools the OC–EC ratios by fuel type, whereas panel B pools them by operational mode. Data populations: Full load (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 10), low load (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 18), and Syracuse load (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 11).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Concentration sums (<math display="inline"> <semantics> <mi mathvariant="sans-serif">μ</mi> </semantics> </math>g/gOC) for individual tests sorted by compound class, test load conditions, and fuel type (HW: hardwood pellet; SwG: switchgrass pellet).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Comparison of PAH concentrations in PM (mg/g PM) emitted from wood- and pellet-burning appliances. Data populations for individual compounds ranged from <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 57 to <span class="html-italic">n</span> = 92. <a href="#app1-atmosphere-10-00536" class="html-app">Figure S5</a> shows the calculated means with standard error and median values for individual PAH concentrations gathered across the multiple studies. These values are provided in an effort to highlight differences and provide consensus.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Pellet Fuels
2.2. Pellet-Burning Biomass Boiler (BB)
2.3. PM Emissions Sampling
2.4. Organic and Elemental Carbon
2.5. PM Extraction and GC–MS Analysis
2.6. Quality Control and Study Caveats
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General BB Emissions Trends
3.2. Effect of Pellet Fuel Type on Emissions
3.3. Effect of Test Cycle on Emissions
4. Discussion
5. Summary
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Load | Fuel | PM | OC | EC | ∑SVOCs | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(g/kg Fuel) | (mg/kg Fuel) | (mg/kg Fuel) | (g/g OC) | ||||||
25% | Hard wood | 2.91 | ±2% | 1075 | ±46% | 20 | ±45% | 0.41 | ±3% |
SyrC | 0.269 | ±25% | 33.1 | ±122% | 10.2 | ±93% | 0.13 | ±38% | |
100% | 0.401 | ±11% | 1.78 | ±200% | 90 | ±96% | 0.22 | ±43% | |
25% | Switch grass | 1.3 | ±35% | 572 | ±20% | 11.1 | ±24% | 0.17 | ±30% |
SyrC | 0.761 | ±24% | 392 | ±38% | 83.8 | ±84% | 0.20 | ±5% | |
100% | 0.662 | ±40% | 62.8 | ±115% | 292 | ±45% | 0.15 | ±1% |
Compound Class | Individual SVOC concs. | ∑SVOC Class | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Min | Max | Min | Max | Median | |
(g/g OC) | ||||||
aliphatic diacid | 81 | 3 | 3638 | 1106 | 12,849 | 2056 |
alkanoic acid | 160 | 41 | 61,161 | 1494 | 163,709 | 19,878 |
anhydrosugar | 15 | 12,505 | 320,300 | - | - | 95405 |
aromatic acid | 103 | 0.291 | 3417 | 508 | 4360 | 1197 |
b-alkane | 30 | 2 | 461 | 9 | 461 | 58 |
fatty acid | 48 | 10 | 2019 | 13 | 4238 | 1906 |
methoxy-phenol | 84 | 52 | 38,282 | 1998 | 74,902 | 26,056 |
n-alkane | 296 | 3 | 2962 | 294 | 13,044 | 4231 |
PAH | 332 | 0.4 | 16,590 | 1036 | 79,021 | 7589 |
resin acid | 38 | 13 | 4303 | 150 | 5783 | 1526 |
Fuel | Load | n | OC | EC |
---|---|---|---|---|
(g m) | ||||
Hardwood | 25% | 6 | 1478 ± 773 | 27.6 ± 10.6 |
Syracuse | 6 | 69 ± 36 | 20 ± 24 | |
100% | 9 | 11.3 ± 14.3 | 244.6 ± 220.1 | |
Switch grass | 25% | 12 | 758 ± 350 | 138 ± 176 |
Syracuse | 6 | 996 ± 984 | 212 ± 200 | |
100% | 6 | 297 ± 209 | 142 ± 325 |
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Hays, M.D.; Kinsey, J.; George, I.; Preston, W.; Singer, C.; Patel, B. Carbonaceous Particulate Matter Emitted from a Pellet-Fired Biomass Boiler. Atmosphere 2019, 10, 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090536
Hays MD, Kinsey J, George I, Preston W, Singer C, Patel B. Carbonaceous Particulate Matter Emitted from a Pellet-Fired Biomass Boiler. Atmosphere. 2019; 10(9):536. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090536
Chicago/Turabian StyleHays, Michael D., John Kinsey, Ingrid George, William Preston, Carl Singer, and Bakul Patel. 2019. "Carbonaceous Particulate Matter Emitted from a Pellet-Fired Biomass Boiler" Atmosphere 10, no. 9: 536. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10090536