Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Response of Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under Cadmium Stress
<p>Relationship between different dietary chitosan levels and the final weight (Wf), weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and daily growth index (DGI) of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress based on second-order polynomial regression analysis.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Effects of dietary chitosan on ATPase activity in the gills of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of catalase (<span class="html-italic">cat</span>), superoxide dismutase (<span class="html-italic">sod</span>), glutathione S-transferase (<span class="html-italic">gst</span>), and glutathione peroxidase (<span class="html-italic">gsh-px</span>) in the liver of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of interferon-γ (<span class="html-italic">inf-γ</span>) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of interleukin-6 (<span class="html-italic">il-6</span>) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of interleukin-8 (<span class="html-italic">il-8</span>) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of interleukin-10 (<span class="html-italic">il-10</span>) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of transforming growth factor-β (<span class="html-italic">tgf-β</span>) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 9
<p>Effects of dietary chitosan on the relative expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (<span class="html-italic">tnf-α</span>) in the liver, gills, head kidney, and spleen of juvenile GIFT under cadmium stress. All the above data are mean ± SE (<span class="html-italic">n</span> = 3). Different superscript letters in the figure indicate significant differences among the data (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> ">
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Cadmium and Chitosan
2.2. Experimental Diets
2.3. Experimental Fish, Acclimatization, and Culture
2.4. Sampling
2.5. Calculation of Growth Performance
2.6. Determination of Serum Biochemical Indexes, Antioxidant Enzyme Activity, and ATPase Activity
2.7. Determination of Expression of Antioxidant and Inflammatory Responses Gene
2.8. Data Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Growth Performance
3.2. Serum Biochemical Indexes
3.3. Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
3.4. ATPase Activity
3.5. Relative Expression of the Antioxidant Gene
3.6. Relative Expression of Inflammatory Response Gene
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Ingredients | Chitosan Levels (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |
Chitosan | 0.00 | 5.00 | 10.00 | 15.00 | 20.00 |
Soybean oil | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
Fish oil | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 | 20.00 |
Fish meal | 80.00 | 80.00 | 80.00 | 80.00 | 80.00 |
Rapeseed meal | 220.00 | 220.00 | 220.00 | 220.00 | 220.00 |
Soybean meal | 330.00 | 330.00 | 330.00 | 330.00 | 330.00 |
Dextrin | 243.90 | 238.90 | 233.90 | 228.90 | 223.90 |
Gelatin | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 |
Vitamin mixture 1 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Mineral mixture 2 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 | 10.00 |
Choline chloride | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Sodium chloride | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Adhesive 3 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 | 5.00 |
Attractant 4 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Preservative 5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Proximate composition (%) | |||||
Crude protein | 33.88 | 33.88 | 33.88 | 33.88 | 33.88 |
Crude fat | 7.35 | 7.35 | 7.35 | 7.35 | 7.35 |
Ash | 6.96 | 6.96 | 6.96 | 6.96 | 6.96 |
Moisture | 9.36 | 9.36 | 9.36 | 9.36 | 9.36 |
Crude fiber | 5.56 | 5.56 | 5.56 | 5.56 | 5.56 |
Nitrogen-free extract | 36.89 | 36.89 | 36.89 | 36.89 | 36.89 |
Gross energy (Mcal/kg) | 3.83 | 3.83 | 3.83 | 3.83 | 3.83 |
Gene | Primer Sequence (5′→3′) | Amplicon Size (bp) | Gene Bank |
---|---|---|---|
β-actin 1 | F: TGACCCAGATCATGTTTGAGACC | 146 | XM_031811226.1 |
R: CTCGTAGATGGGTACTGTGTGGG | |||
cat 2 | F: TGAATGAGGAGGAGCGACAGAGAC | 118 | XM_003447521.5 |
R: CCATAGTCTGGATGCACAGCCTTC | |||
gsh-px 3 | F: AACTTCCATTCCCCTGCGATGATG | 123 | NM_001279711.1 |
R: CGTCAGGACCAACCAGGAACTTC | |||
gst 4 | F: CACCCCAGATCCCAAACCCAAAC | 140 | XM_025897213.1 |
R: CAACAAGCAGCACATCAGCAAGG | |||
sod 5 | F: TCCAGCCTGCCCTCAAGTTTAATG | 121 | XM_003449940.5 |
R: TCCCGTTTGATTGCCTCCATTAGC | |||
ifn-γ 6 | F: ATGGGTGGTGTTTTGGAGTCGTATG | 142 | NM_001287402.1 |
R: CTGAGTTGTTGGTGCTGCTGGAG | |||
il-6 7 | F: CCGTCAAACATCGGCACTCT | 99 | XM_019350387.2 |
R: CTCCTCCTCACTGCTGGTCA | |||
il-8 8 | F: CTGTGAAGGCATGGGTGTGGAG | 101 | NM_001279704.1 |
R: CGCAGTGGGAGTTGGGAAGAATC | |||
il-10 9 | F: CCGTCAGGCTCAAGAAGCTC | 81 | XM_013269189.3 |
R: GCGCTGAGTCTAAGTCGTCG | |||
tnf-α 10 | F: GGAAGCAGCTCCACTCTGATGA | 137 | JF957373.1 |
R: CACAGCGTGTCTCCTTCGTTCA | |||
tgf-β 11 | F: CTCCTCCGACTTCCCTTTCAATGC | 80 | NM_001311325.1 |
R: TGCCTCCTCTCCACTGAGTGATTC |
Index | Chitosan Levels (%) | F-Value | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |||
SR 1 (%) | 98.89 ± 1.11 b | 99.76 ± 0.11 b | 100 ± 0 a | 100 ± 0 a | 100 ± 0 a | 3.416 | 0.008 |
Wi 2 (g) | 21.36 ± 0.24 | 21.36 ± 0.24 | 21.36 ± 0.24 | 21.36 ± 0.24 | 21.36 ± 0.24 | / | / |
Wf 3 (g) | 56.07 ± 3.01 b | 71.99 ± 1.87 a | 78.89 ± 1.46 a | 73.85 ± 3.06 a | 77.99 ± 5.56 a | 0.818 | 0.003 |
WGR 4 (%) | 162.52 ± 14.11 b | 237.06 ± 8.75 a | 269.38 ± 6.83 a | 245.78 ± 14.34 a | 265.18 ± 26.02 a | 100.704 | 0.004 |
SGR 5 (%/d) | 1.6 ± 0.09 b | 2.03 ± 0.04 a | 2.18 ± 0.03 a | 2.06 ± 0.07 a | 2.15 ± 0.12 a | 3.383 | 0.003 |
DGI 6 (%/d) | 5.43 ± 0.16 b | 6.16 ± 0.07 a | 6.43 ± 0.05 a | 6.23 ± 0.12 a | 6.39 ± 0.21 a | 3.473 | 0.002 |
CF 7 (%) | 2.11 ± 0.28 b | 3.74 ± 0.13 a | 3.62 ± 0.11 a | 3.58 ± 0.15 a | 3.47 ± 0.16 a | 15.216 | <0.001 |
HSI 8 (%) | 1.69 ± 0.45 | 0.98 ± 0.13 | 1.09 ± 0.12 | 1.37 ± 0.13 | 1.61 ± 0.09 | 3.733 | 0.185 |
VSI 9 (%) | 12.5 ± 0.59 ab | 13.41 ± 0.87 a | 11.66 ± 0.47 ab | 10.78 ± 0.77 b | 12.93 ± 0.12 a | 5.960 | 0.084 |
SI 10 (%) | 0.51 ± 0.17 | 0.55 ± 0.02 | 0.46 ± 0.10 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.04 | 2.086 | 0.760 |
FCR 11 | 1.7 ± 0.02 a | 1.63 ± 0.01 b | 1.59 ± 0.02 b | 1.53 ± 0.03 c | 1.53 ± 0.02 c | 92.351 | <0.001 |
Index | Chitosan Levels (%) | F-Value | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |||
CHE 1 (UI/L) | 6130.73 ± 141.94 d | 6734.67 ± 189.41 c | 6749.57 ± 187.57 b | 6981.88 ± 121.74 bc | 7306.87 ± 136.77 a | 14.483 | <0.001 |
ALB 2 (g/L) | 7.63 ± 0.96 c | 8.52 ± 0.69 ab | 8.41 ± 0.74 b | 8.59 ± 0.62 ab | 9.07 ± 0.75 a | 8.707 | 0.003 |
GPT 3 (U/mL) | 0.28 ± 0.03 a | 0.24 ± 0.05 b | 0.21 ± 0.05 c | 0.19 ± 0.04 d | 0.18 ± 0.02 d | 26.617 | <0.001 |
GOT 4 (U/mL) | 0.13 ± 0.02 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.11 ± 0.01 b | 0.10 ± 0.01 b | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | 16.991 | <0.001 |
LDH 5 (U/L) | 307.79 ± 8.77 c | 346.81 ± 24.31 b | 352.4 ± 15.96 b | 391.27 ± 14.96 a | 388.93 ± 16.26 a | 17.562 | <0.001 |
ALP 6 (King unit/100 mL) | 8.42 ± 0.44 d | 8.82 ± 0.62 c | 9.09 ± 0.36 b | 9.26 ± 0.55 a | 9.45 ± 0.89 a | 26.991 | <0.001 |
ACP 7 (King unit/100 mL) | 93.29 ± 3.75 c | 121.94 ± 9.11 b | 153.91 ± 9.68 a | 161.41 ± 9.52 a | 156.39 ± 8.51 a | 16.956 | <0.001 |
IgM 8 (μg/mL) | 2967.55 ± 30.70 a | 2926.3 ± 21.72 a | 2831.95 ± 37.43 b | 2776.86 ± 36.79 b | 2653.36 ± 21.06 c | 43.167 | <0.001 |
C3 9 (μg/mL) | 2.52 ± 0.23 a | 2.04 ± 0.13 b | 1.74 ± 0.23 bc | 1.84 ± 0.19 bc | 1.64 ± 0.20 c | 12.375 | <0.001 |
LZM 10 (μg/mL) | 96.35 ± 1.22 c | 143.76 ± 12.66 b | 159.91 ± 10.33 ab | 176.75 ± 3.23 a | 179.61 ± 7.10 a | 17.461 | <0.001 |
Index | Chitosan Levels (%) | F-Value | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |||
SOD 1 (U/mL) | 12.04 ± 0.03 d | 18.20 ± 0.66 c | 19.56 ± 0.65 c | 24.48 ± 0.65 a | 22.31 ± 0.10 b | 86.726 | <0.001 |
CAT 2 (U/mL) | 6.44 ± 0.51 d | 8.45 ± 0.26 c | 10.29 ± 0.47 b | 11.99 ± 0.36 a | 12.67 ± 0.89 a | 27.147 | <0.001 |
GST 3 (U/mL) | 9.78 ± 0.16 a | 8.42 ± 0.17 b | 8.69 ± 0.27 b | 8.48 ± 0.17 b | 7.65 ± 0.20 c | 14.677 | <0.001 |
GSH-Px 4 (U/mL) | 23.45 ± 0.42 a | 21.89 ± 0.14 b | 21.37 ± 0.04 b | 20.45 ± 0.26 c | 19.73 ± 0.38 c | 25.276 | <0.001 |
T-AOC 5 (mmol/L) | 0.23 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 a | 0.20 ± 0.01 b | 0.20 ± 0.01 bc | 0.19 ± 0.01 c | 14.863 | <0.001 |
MDA 6 (nmol/mL) | 3.80 ± 0.34 a | 3.41 ± 0.14 b | 3.39 ± 0.12 b | 3.28 ± 0.14 b | 3.00 ± 0.09 c | 9.497 | <0.001 |
Index | Chitosan Levels (%) | F-Value | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |||
SOD 1 (U/mgprot) | 84.54 ± 5.74 b | 95.00 ± 3.72 b | 117.83 ± 7.19 a | 119.26 ± 9.06 a | 124.03 ± 10.78 a | 14.243 | <0.001 |
CAT 2 (U/mgprot) | 37.71 ± 4.48 c | 55.21 ± 3.95 b | 56.96 ± 1.33 b | 68.13 ± 2.25 a | 59.23 ± 4.76 b | 16.054 | <0.001 |
GST 3 (U/mgprot) | 86.15 ± 5.78 c | 98.39 ± 6.46 bc | 115.21 ± 4.3 b | 152.36 ± 7.66 a | 152.85 ± 11.69 a | 28.495 | <0.001 |
GSH-Px 4 (U/mgprot) | 0.36 ± 0.02 b | 0.46 ± 0.02 a | 0.43 ± 0.01 a | 0.44 ± 0.02 a | 0.44 ± 0.03 a | 4.385 | <0.001 |
T-AOC 5 (mmol/L) | 80.29 ± 1.36 c | 95.54 ± 5.85 b | 93.62 ± 5.2 b | 103.08 ± 7.92 a | 105.45 ± 10.86 a | 20.775 | <0.001 |
MDA 6 (nmol/mgprot) | 1.47 ± 0.37 a | 0.7 ± 0.02 b | 0.61 ± 0.01 c | 0.51 ± 0.01 d | 0.43 ± 0.02 e | 923.167 | <0.001 |
Index | Chitosan Levels (%) | F-Value | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.0 | |||
SOD 1 (U/mgprot) | 124.12 ± 10.8 d | 135.27 ± 12.26 c | 158.47 ± 15.08 b | 171.91 ± 16.02 a | 158.40 ± 13.24 b | 23.888 | <0.001 |
CAT 2 (U/mgprot) | 28.53 ± 1.19 a | 27.29 ± 2.49 b | 26.87 ± 2.40 b | 27.09 ± 1.40 b | 26.34 ± 2.20 b | 5.259 | <0.001 |
GST 3 (U/mgprot) | 415.7 ± 12.81 a | 359.55 ± 19.45 b | 353.16 ± 24.53 b | 262.57 ± 11.17 c | 243.84 ± 13.11 c | 38.039 | <0.001 |
GSH-Px 4 (U/mgprot) | 5.72 ± 0.02 c | 7.47 ± 0.22 b | 9.81 ± 0.16 a | 10.00 ± 0.40 a | 9.56 ± 0.19 a | 63.862 | <0.001 |
T-AOC 5 (mmol/L) | 0.48 ± 0.02 b | 0.52 ± 0.01 a | 0.53 ± 0.02 a | 0.55 ± 0.01 a | 0.56 ± 0.02 a | 8.272 | 0.003 |
MDA 6 (nmol/mgprot) | 3.4 ± 0.19 a | 2.33 ± 0.34 b | 1.75 ± 0.15 bc | 1.88 ± 0.22 bc | 1.39 ± 0.29 c | 15.753 | <0.001 |
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Zhang, Q.; Xie, Y.; Tang, J.; Meng, L.; Huang, E.; Liu, D.; Tong, T.; Liu, Y.; Guo, Z. Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Response of Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under Cadmium Stress. Animals 2024, 14, 2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152259
Zhang Q, Xie Y, Tang J, Meng L, Huang E, Liu D, Tong T, Liu Y, Guo Z. Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Response of Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under Cadmium Stress. Animals. 2024; 14(15):2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152259
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Qin, Yi Xie, Jiaqiong Tang, Liuqing Meng, Enhao Huang, Dongsheng Liu, Tong Tong, Yongqiang Liu, and Zhongbao Guo. 2024. "Effects of Dietary Chitosan on Growth Performance, Serum Biochemical Indices, Antioxidant Capacity, and Immune Response of Juvenile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under Cadmium Stress" Animals 14, no. 15: 2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14152259