Effects of Landscape Features on Bird Community in Winter Urban Parks
<p>Location of 9 urban parks in Fuzhou. The Orange line represents the Fuzhou third ring road, and the red pentagram represents the location of the city center of Fuzhou (drawn by the author).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Correlation between 18 predictor variables (landscape features). The value in the circle is the correlation coefficient between the two variables. The blue circles indicate a positive correlation between the two variables, and the red circles indicate a negative correlation between the two variables.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Correlation of park perimeter (PP), park area (PP), grass area (GrA), and park shape index (PSI) with distance from the third ring road (DistT). R expresses the degree of explanation of the relationship between the 2 variables, and it indicates a significant correlation between the two variables when <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>The percent-stacked bar plot represents the occurrence of the bird feeding guild abundance of 9 urban parks.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Comparison of individual-based interpolation (rarefaction) and extrapolation of species diversity in different urbanization types of parks under the multinomial model. When the curve tends to be flat, the observed number of species is gradually reasonable and more individuals will only produce fewer new species.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>PcoA two-dimensional plot of overall birds from 9 urban parks.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Pearson correlation of landscape features and bird diversity indicators. (<b>a</b>–<b>c</b>) are the relationships between landscape features and the overall bird species abundance, richness, and α-diversity, respectively.</p> ">
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Bird Survey
2.3. Landscape Features
- (1)
- Waterbody area (WaA): the total area occupied by waterbody in each park, unit: ha;
- (2)
- Waterbody proportion (WaP): % cover of waterbody in each park;
- (3)
- Waterbody patch density (WaPD): Density of waterbody patches in each park;the calculated formula is: PD = NP/A
- (4)
- Waterbody shape index (WSI): relative shape complexity of the waterbody in each park;the calculated formula is: SI = P / [2 × (π × A)0.5]
- (5)
- Woodland area (WoA): the total area occupied by woodland in each park, unit: ha;
- (6)
- Woodland proportion (WoP): % cover of woodland in each park;
- (7)
- Grassland area (GrA): the total area occupied by grassland in each park, unit: ha;
- (8)
- Grassland proportion (GrP): % cover of grassland in each park;
- (9)
- Sealed surface area (SeA): the total area occupied by sealed surface in each park, unit: ha;
- (10)
- Sealed surface proportion (SeP): % cover of sealed surface in each park;
- (1)
- Park area (PA): the total area surrounded by the border of each park, unit: ha;
- (2)
- Park perimeter (PP): length of the park boundary, unit: m;
- (3)
- Park shape index (PSI): relative shape complexity of the park and calculated by the same formula as (4);
- (1)
- Distance to Fuzhou Third Ring Road (DistT): Fuzhou Third Ring Road is the boundary of the core area of the main city of Fuzhou, unit: km;
- (2)
- Distance to city center (DistC): distance from the center of the urban park to Three Lanes and Seven Alleys, the main central area of Fuzhou and an important tourist attraction in China, unit: km;
- (3)
- Distance to Fuzhou National Forest Park (DistF): distance to Fuzhou National Forest Park, which reflects the potential species sources of urban parks. The large size of Fuzhou National Forest Park and the low level of human exploitation is considered essential potential sources of birds in Fuzhou Park, unit: km;
- (4)
- Woodland proportion of 500 m (WoP500): % cover of woodland within 500 m radius buffer region of the sample boundary;
- (5)
- Sealed surface proportion of 500 m (SeP500): % cover of Sealed surface within 500 m radius buffer region of the sample boundary.
2.4. Analysis
2.4.1. α-Diversity and β-Diversity
2.4.2. Effects of Landscape Features on Bird Diversity
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Landscape Features of Urban Parks
3.2. Bird Community Composition in Urban Parks
3.3. α-Diversity and β-Diversity Varied between Different Urban Parks
3.4. Response of Bird Diversity to Landscape Features in Urban Parks
4. Discussion
4.1. Response of Bird Communities to Landscape Features in Urban Parks
4.2. Response of Bird Communities to Patch Features in Urban Parks
4.3. Implications and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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No. | Response Variable | Urban Parks in Fuzhou | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chating Park | Helin Ecological Park | Jinjishan Park | Jinshan Park | Liming Lake Park | South Park | Hot Spring Park | West Lake Park | Zuohai Park | ||
1 | α-Diversity | 2.48 | 2.54 | 2.59 | 2.67 | 2.12 | 1.82 | 2.20 | 2.24 | 2.50 |
2 | Richness | 16.00 | 25.00 | 28.00 | 36.00 | 15.00 | 9.00 | 22.00 | 22.00 | 24.00 |
3 | Chao1 | 16.25 | 25.60 | 28.20 | 36.75 | 15.75 | 9.00 | 22.00 | 23.20 | 25.20 |
4 | Completeness | 0.97 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.97 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 |
5 | Abundance | 77 | 323 | 529 | 647 | 114 | 108 | 456 | 299 | 321 |
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Huang, P.; Zheng, D.; Yan, Y.; Xu, W.; Zhao, Y.; Huang, Z.; Ding, Y.; Lin, Y.; Zhu, Z.; Chen, Z.; et al. Effects of Landscape Features on Bird Community in Winter Urban Parks. Animals 2022, 12, 3442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233442
Huang P, Zheng D, Yan Y, Xu W, Zhao Y, Huang Z, Ding Y, Lin Y, Zhu Z, Chen Z, et al. Effects of Landscape Features on Bird Community in Winter Urban Parks. Animals. 2022; 12(23):3442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233442
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Peilin, Dulai Zheng, Yijing Yan, Weizhen Xu, Yujie Zhao, Ziluo Huang, Yinghong Ding, Yuxin Lin, Zhipeng Zhu, Ziru Chen, and et al. 2022. "Effects of Landscape Features on Bird Community in Winter Urban Parks" Animals 12, no. 23: 3442. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233442