Effects of Caponization on Growth Performance and Carcass Composition of Yangzhou Ganders
<p>Feed intake (<b>A</b>), live body weight (<b>B</b>), and average 15 day gains (<b>C</b>) of the control group (<span style="color:blue">●</span>), the caponized group (■), and the testosterone group (<span style="color:red">▲</span>). Data are shown as mean values ± standard error of the mean. Different letters above the bars denote significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Serum testosterone and metabolite concentrations of the control group (<span style="color:blue">●</span>), the caponized group (■), and the testosterone group (<span style="color:red">▲</span>). (<b>A</b>) (Testosterone), (<b>B</b>) (glucose), (<b>C</b>) (triglycerides), (<b>D</b>) (cholesterol), (<b>E</b>) (high−density lipoprotein), (<b>F</b>) (low−density lipoprotein). Data are shown as mean values ± standard error of the mean. Different letters above the bars denote significant differences (a,b: <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; b,c: <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05; a–c: <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Genes’ mRNA levels relative to <span class="html-italic">β-actin</span>, <span class="html-italic">POMC</span>, <span class="html-italic">MC4R</span>, <span class="html-italic">NPY</span>, and <span class="html-italic">AgRP</span> of hypothalamus in the control, the caponized group, and the testosterone group. Data are shown as mean values ± standard error of the mean. Vertical bars represent the standard errors of the mean. Different letters above the bars denote significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Genes’ mRNA levels relative to <span class="html-italic">β-actin</span>, <span class="html-italic">LEPR</span>, <span class="html-italic">AR</span>, <span class="html-italic">INSR</span>, <span class="html-italic">SOCS3</span>, <span class="html-italic">PCK1</span>, <span class="html-italic">SCD</span>, <span class="html-italic">SQLE</span>, <span class="html-italic">RXRG</span>, <span class="html-italic">PPARγ</span>, <span class="html-italic">FASN</span>, <span class="html-italic">FABP4</span>, and <span class="html-italic">ACC</span> of liver tissues in the control, the caponized group, and the testosterone group. Data are shown as mean values ± standard error of the mean. Vertical bars represent the standard errors of the mean. Different letters above the bars denote significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Genes’ mRNA levels relative to <span class="html-italic">β-actin</span>, <span class="html-italic">LEPR</span>, <span class="html-italic">AR</span>, <span class="html-italic">INSR</span>, <span class="html-italic">SOCS3</span>, <span class="html-italic">PCK1</span>, <span class="html-italic">SCD</span>, <span class="html-italic">SQLE</span>, <span class="html-italic">PPARγ</span>, <span class="html-italic">RXRG</span>, <span class="html-italic">FASN</span>, <span class="html-italic">FABP4</span>, and <span class="html-italic">ACC</span> of abdominal adipose tissues in the control, the caponized group, and the testosterone group. Data are shown as mean values ± standard error of the mean. Vertical bars represent the standard errors of the mean. Different letters above the bars denote significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Genes’ mRNA levels relative to <span class="html-italic">β-actin</span>, <span class="html-italic">FASN</span>, <span class="html-italic">FABP4</span>, <span class="html-italic">MYOG</span>, and <span class="html-italic">PAX3</span> of the leg muscle tissues (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) and breast muscle tissues (<b>C</b>,<b>D</b>) in the control, the caponized group, and the testosterone group. Data are shown as mean values ± standard error of the mean. Vertical bars represent the standard errors of the mean. Different letters above the bars denote significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05).</p> ">
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Approval
2.2. Animal Populations and Experiment Design
2.3. Testectomy
2.4. Measurements
2.5. RNA Isolation, Primer Synthesis, and Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. FI and Growth Performance
3.2. Measure of Plasma Testosterone and Metabolite Concentrations
3.3. Carcass Composition
3.4. Gene Expression
3.4.1. Appetite Regulating Genes in the Hypothalamus
3.4.2. Expression of Genes in the Liver and Abdominal Adipose Tissues
3.4.3. Expression of Genes in the Breast and Leg Muscle Tissues
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Group | Traits | At 180 Days | At 210 Days | At 240 Days | Ratio of BW 8 (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
At 180 Days | At 210 Days | At 240 Days | |||||
Control | 112.32 ± 4.59 a | 106.06 ± 3.93 a | 106.90 ± 2.59 a | 2.24 ± 0.12 a | 1.96 ± 0.09 a | 1.78 ± 0.06 | |
Caponized | GZW(g) 1 | 144.53 ± 6.24 c | 134.54 ± 6.85 b | 127.33 ± 3.55 b | 2.86 ± 0.15 c | 2.38 ± 0.13 b | 1.93 ± 0.06 |
Testosterone | 117.87 ± 7.51 ab | 1.84 ± 0.10 | |||||
Control | 85.90 ± 3.87 a | 87.66 ± 6.18 | 100.24 ± 17.01 | 1.70 ± 0.08 a | 1.62 ± 0.13 | 1.70 ± 0.33 | |
Caponized | LIW(g) 2 | 127.69 ± 18.86 b | 87.72 ± 3.92 | 84.72 ± 6.74 | 2.56 ± 0.42 b | 1.54 ± 0.05 | 1.27 ± 0.07 |
Testosterone | 100.79 ± 8.35 | 1.57 ± 0.11 | |||||
Control | 154.79 ± 16.55 | 178.61 ± 10.37 a | 243.69 ± 24.92 a | 3.02 ± 0.28 | 3.26 ± 0.14 | 3.96 ± 0.30 a | |
Caponized | AFW(g) 3 | 160.95 ± 17.20 | 222.19 ± 25.84 b | 397.94 ± 32.69 c | 3.13 ± 0.29 | 3.86 ± 0.05 | 5.95 ± 0.33 c |
Testosterone | 322.05 ± 30.50 b | 4.99 ± 0.40 ac | |||||
Control | 406.47 ± 22.39 | 480.70 ± 18.37 | 544.44 ± 28.62 | 11.32 ± 0.42 | 12.37 ± 0.41 | 12.60 ± 0.31 | |
Caponized | BMW(g) 4 | 377.64 ± 22.04 | 465.03 ± 15.63 | 530.45 ± 17.03 | 11.03 ± 0.37 | 11.93 ± 0.59 | 11.85 ± 0.31 |
Testosterone | 563.81 ± 17.13 | 12.32 ± 0.26 | |||||
Control | 452.54 ± 15.93 a | 515.78 ± 12.24 | 595.50 ± 17.31 | 12.57 ± 0.22 | 13.29 ± 0.33 | 13.76 ± 0.43 a | |
Caponized | LMW(g) 5 | 415.85 ± 10.81 b | 494.00 ± 15.58 | 553.91 ± 22.59 | 12.20 ± 0.16 | 12.60 ± 0.35 | 12.24 ± 0.31 b |
Testosterone | 583.23 ± 16.90 | 11.86 ± 0.28 b | |||||
Control | 4.59 ± 0.42 | 4.64 ± 0.38 | 4.88 ± 0.33 b | ||||
Caponized | IMFB(%) 6 | 4.11 ± 0.33 | 4.89 ± 0.31 | 5.84 ± 0.54 a | |||
Testosterone | 4.59 ± 0.27 b | ||||||
Control | 4.67 ± 0.42 | 5.34 ± 1.02 | 4.60 ± 0.38 a | ||||
Caponized | IMFL(%) 7 | 5.07 ± 0.46 | 6.23 ± 0.76 | 7.27 ± 0.46 b | |||
Testosterone | 5.34 ± 0.07 a |
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Lei, M.; Qu, X.; Dai, Z.; Chen, R.; Zhu, H.; Shi, Z. Effects of Caponization on Growth Performance and Carcass Composition of Yangzhou Ganders. Animals 2022, 12, 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111364
Lei M, Qu X, Dai Z, Chen R, Zhu H, Shi Z. Effects of Caponization on Growth Performance and Carcass Composition of Yangzhou Ganders. Animals. 2022; 12(11):1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111364
Chicago/Turabian StyleLei, Mingming, Xiaolu Qu, Zichun Dai, Rong Chen, Huanxi Zhu, and Zhendan Shi. 2022. "Effects of Caponization on Growth Performance and Carcass Composition of Yangzhou Ganders" Animals 12, no. 11: 1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111364