Evaluation of Agricultural Residues as Organic Green Energy Source Based on Seabuckthorn, Blackberry, and Straw Blends
<p>Graphical representation of the net calorific value at humidity of 10% (q<sub>p,net,</sub>M = 10%) depending on the percentage of raw material constituents (seabuckthorn biomass + blackberry + straw).</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Graphical representation of the dependence of the ash content on the percentage of the raw material constituents (seabuckthorn biomass + blackberry + straw).</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Graphic representation of the dependence of the content of fine fraction according to the percentage of the constituents of the raw material (seabuckthorn biomass + blackberry + straw).</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Graphical representation of the dependence of the bulk density of the pellets according to the percentage of the constituents of the raw material (seabuckthorn biomass + blackberry + straw).</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Graphical representation of the dependence of the mechanical durability of the pellets according to the percentage of the constituents of the raw material (seabuckthorn biomass + blackberry + straw).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Sample Preparation for Biomass and Finished Product Testing
2.2. Methodologies Used for Biomass Characterisation
Parameters | Class | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unit | ENplusA1 | ENplusA2 | En-B | I1 | I2 | I3 | |
For Commercial and Residential Applications | For Industrial Use | ||||||
Moisture, M | % in mass, as received, wet basis | M10 ≤ 10 | M10 ≤ 10 | ||||
Ash, Ad | % in mass dry | A0.7 ≤ 0.7 | A1.2 ≤ 1.2 | A2.0 ≤ 2.0 | A1.0 ≤ 1.0 | A1.5 ≤ 1.5 | A3.0 ≤ 3.0 |
Net calorific value, q p, net, m = 10% | MJ/kg or kWh/kg, as received | ≥16.5 or ≥4.6 | ≥16.5 or ≥4.6 | ||||
Mechanical durability, DU | % in mass as received | DU97.5 ≥ 97.5 (DU98.0 ≥ 98.0 for D06) | DU97.5 ≥ 97.5 | DU96.5 ≥ 96.5 | 97.5 ≤ DU ≤ 99.0 | 97.0 ≤ DU ≤ 99.0 | 96.5 ≤ DU ≤ 99.0 |
Fines, F (<3.15 mm) | % in mass, as received | F1.0 ≤ 1.0 | F4.0 ≤ 4.0 | F5.0 ≤ 5.0 | F6.0 ≤ 6.0 | ||
Bulk density, BD | kg/m3, as received | 600 ≤ BD ≤ 750 | BD600 ≥ 600 |
- Determination of lignin content by the Klason–Komarov method using a 72% H2SO4 solution (ISO/DIS 21.436 Paste-determination of lignin content—acid hydrolysis method) (L, %);
- Detection of hemicellulose content by rapid acid hydrolysis method using 4% H2SO4 solution in one step at 121 °C for 1 h (HC, %); [9];
3. Results
3.1. Experimental Plan for Optimizing the Constitution of the Studied Blends and the Results Obtained
Sample No. | Influencing Factors | Response Factors | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coded Coordinates | Natural Coordinates, % | qp,net,d. | Qp,net,M = 10% | A | F | DU | BD, (kg/m3) | L | Ce | HC | ||||
x1 | x2 | X1 | X2 | Straw | MJ/kg | (w-%) | % | |||||||
1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 85 | 17.25 | 15.29 | 4.68 | 2.67 | 97.843 | 548.8 | 21.27 | 45.19 | 33.54 |
2 | −1 | 1 | 0 | 30 | 70 | 17.39 | 15.41 | 4.15 | 2.24 | 97.485 | 547.6 | 22.10 | 45.43 | 32.47 |
3 | 1 | 1 | 70 | 30 | 0 | 18.41 | 16.76 | 1.21 | 0.2 | 97.497 | 597.2 | 32.25 | 44.98 | 22.77 |
4 | −1 | −1 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 17.14 | 15.18 | 5.20 | 3.11 | 94.664 | 567.6 | 20.44 | 44.95 | 34.61 |
5 | 0 | 1 | 35 | 30 | 35 | 18.14 | 16.09 | 2.68 | 1.22 | 92.428 | 560 | 27.18 | 45.21 | 27.62 |
6 | 0 | 0 | 35 | 15 | 50 | 18.01 | 15.97 | 3.21 | 1.66 | 98.555 | 616.8 | 26.35 | 44.96 | 28.69 |
7 | 1 | 0 | 70 | 15 | 15 | 18.81 | 16.65 | 1.74 | 0.63 | 99.064 | 610 | 31.43 | 44.73 | 23.84 |
8 | 0 | −1 | 35 | 0 | 65 | 17.89 | 15.86 | 3.73 | 2.09 | 99.203 | 618.4 | 25.52 | 44.72 | 29.76 |
9 | 1 | −1 | 70 | 0 | 30 | 18.65 | 16.54 | 2.26 | 0.46 | 98.097 | 612 | 30.60 | 44.49 | 24.91 |
3.2. Results Regarding the Net Calorific Value at Humidity of 10% (qp,net,M = 10%) Depending on the Percentage of Raw Material Constituents (Seabuckthorn Biomass + Blackberry + Straw)
3.3. Dependence of the Ash Content on the Percentage of the Raw Material Constituents
3.4. Dependence of the Content of Fine Fraction according to the Percentage of the Constituents of the Raw Material
3.5. Dependence of the Bulk Density of the Pellets according to the Percentage of the Constituents of the Raw Material
3.6. Dependence of the Mechanical Durability of the Pellets according to the Percentage of the Constituents of the Raw Material
4. Discussions
4.1. Use of Seabuckthorn, Blackberry, and Wheat Straw Plant Residues as Raw Material for Pellet Production
- -
- Lignin percentages vary in a relatively wide range from 20.44% (mixture 4) to 32.25% (sample 7), increasing with the biomass content of seabuckthorn.
- -
- The hemicellulose content of the wood and non-wood waste analyzed ranged from 22.77% (mixture 3) to 34.61% (mixture 4) being higher the higher the biomass content of wheat straw.
- -
- The cellulose content varies within very narrow limits between biomass mixtures of different origins.
4.2. The Influence of the Composition of the Biomass Mixture on the Calorific Value of the Pellets
4.3. Ash Content Resulting from the Burning of Pellets Produced from the Studied Biomass Mixtures
4.4. Influence of the Composition of the Biomass Mixture on the Fine Fraction Content of the Pellets
4.5. Influence of Biomass Mixture Composition on Pellet Bulk Density
4.6. Influence of Biomass Mixture Composition on Mechanical Durability of Pellets
5. Conclusions
- At least 75% seabuckthorn biomass, the rest wheat straw;
- At least 70% seabuckthorn biomass + (10–20)% blackberry biomass, the rest straw.
- At most 20% blackberry biomass, the rest seabuckthorn biomass.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Marian, G.; Ianuș, G.; Istrate, B.; Banari, A.; Nazar, B.; Munteanu, C.; Măluțan, T.; Gudîma, A.; Ciolacu, F.; Daraduda, N.; et al. Evaluation of Agricultural Residues as Organic Green Energy Source Based on Seabuckthorn, Blackberry, and Straw Blends. Agronomy 2022, 12, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092018
Marian G, Ianuș G, Istrate B, Banari A, Nazar B, Munteanu C, Măluțan T, Gudîma A, Ciolacu F, Daraduda N, et al. Evaluation of Agricultural Residues as Organic Green Energy Source Based on Seabuckthorn, Blackberry, and Straw Blends. Agronomy. 2022; 12(9):2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092018
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarian, Grigore, Gelu Ianuș, Bogdan Istrate, Alexandru Banari, Boris Nazar, Corneliu Munteanu, Teodor Măluțan, Andrei Gudîma, Florin Ciolacu, Nicolae Daraduda, and et al. 2022. "Evaluation of Agricultural Residues as Organic Green Energy Source Based on Seabuckthorn, Blackberry, and Straw Blends" Agronomy 12, no. 9: 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092018