Abstract
The Yakutsk Extensive Air Shower Array has been continuously operating for more than 50 years (since 1970) and up until recently it has been one of world’s largest ground-based instruments aimed at studying the properties of cosmic rays in the ultra-high energy domain. In this report we discuss results recently obtained at the array—on cosmic rays’ energy spectrum, mass composition and directional anisotropy—and how they fit into the world data. Special attention is paid to the measurements of muonic component of extensive air showers. Theoretical results of particle acceleration at shocks are also briefly reviewed. Future scientific and engineering plans on the array modernization are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
With energies \({\geq}1\) GeV.
REFERENCES
G. T. Zatsepin and V. A. Kuzmin, JETP Lett. 4, 78 (1966).
K. Greisen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16, 748 (1966).
A. V. Glushkov, O. S. Diminshtein, T. A. Egorov, N. N. Efimov, L. I. Kaganov, D. D. Krasil’nikov, S. V. Maksimov, V. A. Orlov, M. I. Pravdin, and I. Y. Slepsov, in Proceedings of the Soviet Symposium on Experimental Methods of Very High Energy Cosmic Rays Research (YaF SO AN SSSR, Yakutsk, 1974), p. 43.
G. A. Borodina, V. P. Valkov, V. E. Gevrasev, A. V. Glushkov, S. V. Maksimov, V. P. Odegov, V. V. Sizov, and I. I. Chupin, in emphProceedings of the Soviet Symposium on Experimental Methods of Very High Energy Cosmic Rays Research (YaF SO AN SSSR, Yakutsk, 1974), p. 48.
S. P. Knurenko, V. A. Kolosov, Z. E. Petrov, A. Pudov, R. G. Sidorov, and I. Y. Sleptsov, Nauka Obrazov. 1998 (4), 46 (1998).
V. P. Mokhnachevskaya, Y. A. Egorov, S. P. Knurenko, and Z. E. Petrov, PoS(ICRC2017) 341 (2017).
S. P. Knurenko and I. S. Petrov, Phys. Rev. D 102, 023036 (2020); arXiv: 2007.08135 [astroph.HE].
S. P. Knurenko, Z. E. Petrov, and I. S. Petrov, Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 866, 230 (2017).
A. V. Glushkov, M. I. Pravdin, and A. V. Saburov, Phys. At. Nucl. 81, 575 (2018).
T. A. Egorov (for the Yakutsk EAS array), in Proceedings of the Tokyo Workshop on Techniques for the Study of Extremely High Energy Cosmic Rays, Ed. by M. Nagano (ICRR, Univ. Tokyo, 1993), p. 35.
D. Heck, J. Knapp, J. N. Capdevielle, G. Schatz, and T. Thouw, CORSIKA: A Monte Carlo Code to Simulate Extensive Air Showers, FZKA 6019 (Forschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 1988).
S. P. Knurenko and A. Sabourov, EPJ Web Conf. 53, 04004 (2013).
E. S. Berezhnev, H. Besson, N. M. Budnev, A. Chiavassa, O. A. Gress, A. N. Dyachok, S. N. Epimakhov, A. Haungs, N. I. Karpov, N. N. Kalmykov, E. N. Konstantinov, A. Korobchenko, E. E. Korosteleva, V. A. Kozhin, L. A. Kuzmichev, B. K. Lubsandorzhiev, et al., Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A 692, 98 (2012); arXiv: 1201.2122 [astro-ph.HE].
M. G. Aartsen et al. (IceCube Collab.), Phys. Rev. D 88, 042004 (2013); arXiv: 1307.3795 [astroph.HE].
R. U. Abbasi, M. Abe, T. Abu-Zayyad, M. Allen, R. Azuma, E. Barcikowski, J. W. Belz, D. R. Bergman, S. A. Blake, R. Cady, B. G. Cheon, J. Chiba, M. Chikawa, W. R. Cho, T. Fujii, M. Fukushima, et al., Astropart. Phys. 80, 131 (2016).
A. Aab et al. (The Pierre Auger Collab.), in Proceedings of the 34th International Cosmic Ray Conference ICRC, 2015, The Hague, The Netherlands; arXiv: 1509.03732 [astro-ph.HE].
Z. Zundel (for Telescope Array Collab.), PoS(ICRC2015) 445 (2015).
M. Nagano, M. Teshima, Y. Matsubara, H. Y. Dai, T. Hara, N. Hayashida, M. Honda, H. Ohoka, and S. Yoshida, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys. 18, 423 (1992).
K. Shinozaki (for AGASA Collab.), Nucl. Phys. B: Proc. Suppl. 151, 3 (2006).
E. G. Berezhko, S. P. Knurenko, and L. T. Ksenofontov, Astropart. Phys. 36, 31 (2012).
S. P. Knurenko and I. S. Petrov, Adv. Space Res. 64, 2570 (2019).
V. V. Prosin, S. F. Berezhnev, N. M. Budnev, M. Brückner, A. Chiavassa, O. A. Chvalaev, A. V. Dyachok, S. N. Epimakhov, A. V. Gafarov, O. A. Gress, T. I. Gress, D. Horns, N. N. Kalmykov, N. I. Karpov, S. Kiryuhin, E. N. Konstantinov, et al., EPJ Web Conf. 121, 03004 (2016).
R. Ulruch and L. Cazon, Astropart. Phys. 38, 41 (2012).
J. Bellido (for The Pierre Auger Collab.), PoS(ICRC2017), 506 (2017).
R. U. Abbasi, M. Abe, T. Aby-Zayyad, M. Allen, R. Azuma, E. Barcikowski, J. W. Belz, D. R. Bergman, S. A. Blake, R. Cady, B. G. Cheon, J. Chiba, M. Chikawa, A. di Matteo, T. Fujii, K. Fujita, et al., Astrophys. J. 858, 76 (2018).
S. Buitnik, A. Corstanje, H. Falcke, J. R. Hörandel, T. Huege, A. Nelles, J. P. Rachen, L. Rossetto, P. Schellart, O. Scholten, S. ter Veen, S. Thoudam, T. N. G. Trinh, J. Anderson, A. Asgekar, I. M. Avruch, et al., Nature (London, U.K.) 531, 70 (2016).
S. Ostapchenko, Phys. Rev. D 83, 014018 (2011); arXiv: 1010.1869 [hep-ph].
T. Pierog, I. Karpenko, J. M. Katzy, E. Yatsenko, and K. Werner, Phys. Rev. C 92, 034906 (2015); arXiv: 1306.0121 [hep-ph].
F. Riehn, H. Dembinski, R. Engel, A. Fedynitch, T. Gaisser, and T. Stanev, PoS(ICRC2017), 301 (2017).
M. I. Pravdin, A. V. Glushkov, and A. V. Saburov, Astron. Lett. 44, 588 (2018).
S. P. Knurenko and I. S. Petrov, JETP Lett. 107, 676 (2018).
A. V. Glushkov, I. T. Makarov, M. I. Pravdin, I. E. Sleptsov, D. S. Gorbunov, G. I. Rubtsov, and S. V. Troitsky (Yakutsk EAS Array), Phys. Rev. D 82, 041101(R) (2010).
J. Abraham et al. (The Pierre Auger Collab.), Astropart. Phys. 29, 243 (2008); arXiv: 0712.1147 [astro-ph].
A. Aab, P. Abreu, M. Aglietta, I. Al Samarai, I. F. M. Albuquerque, I. Allekotte, A. Almela, J. Alvarez Castillo, J. Alvarez-Muniz, G. A. Anastasi, L. Anchordoqui, B. Andrada, S. Andringa, C. Aramo, F. Arqueros, N. Arsene, et al., J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys. 1704, 009 (2017).
K. Shinozaki, M. Chikawa, M. Fukushima, N. Hayashida, N. Inoue, K. Honda, K. Kadota, F. Kakimoto, K. Kamata, S. Kawaguchi, S. Kawakami, Y. Kawasaki, N. Kawasumi, A. M. Mahrous, K. Mase, S. Mizobuchi, et al., Astrophys. J. 571, L117 (2002).
G. Rubtsov, M. Fukushima, D. Ivanov, M. Kuznetsov, M. Piskunov, G. Thomson, S. Troitsky, and Y. Zhezher, PoS(ICRC2017), 551 (2018).
J. Ellis, V. E. Mayes, and D. V. Nanopoulos, Phys. Rev. D 74, 115003 (2006).
P. Bhattacharjee and G. Sigl, Phys. Rep. 327, 109 (2000).
V. S. Berezinsky and G. T. Zatsepin, Phys. Lett. B 28, 423 (1969).
G. B. Gelmini, O. E. Kalashev, and D. V. Semikoz, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 106, 1061 (2008); arXiv: astroph/0506128.
G. F. Krymskii, Sov. Phys. Dokl. 22, 327 (1977).
E. G. Berezhko and G. F. Krymsky, Sov. Phys. Usp. 31, 27 (1988).
E. G. Berezhko, V. K. Yelshin, and L. T. Ksenofontov, Astropart. Phys. 2, 215 (1994).
E. G. Berezhko, V. K. Elshin, and L. T. Ksenofontov, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 82, 1 (1996).
E. G. Berezhko, Astrophys. J. 684, L69 (2008).
H. P. Dembinski et al. (for the EAS-MSU, IceCube, KASCADE-Grande, NEVOD-DECOR, Pierre Auger Observatory, SUGAR, Telescope Array, and Yakutsk EAS Array Collabs.), EPJ Web Conf. 210, 02004 (2019).
A. Corstanje, S. Buitink, H. Falcke, B. M. Hare, J. R. Hörandel, T. Huege, G. K. Krampah, P. Mitra, K. Mulrey, A. Nelles, H. Pandya, J. P. Rachen, O. Scholten, S. ter Veen, S. Thoudam, G. Trinh, et al., Phys. Rev. D 103, 102006 (2021); arXiv: 2103.12549 [astro-ph.HE].
A. V. Glushkov and A. V. Saburov, JETP Lett. 109, 559 (2019).
A. G. Bogdanov, D. M. Gromushkin, R. P. Kokoulin, G. Manocchi, A. A. Petrukhin, O. Saavedra, G. Trinchero, D. V. Chernov, V. V. Shutenko, and I. I. Yashin, Phys. At. Nucl. 73, 1852 (2010).
A. G. Bogdanov, R. P. Kokoulin, G. Mannocchi, A. A. Petrukhin, O. Saavedra, V. V. Shutenko, G. Trinchero, and I. I. Yashin, Astropart. Phys. 98, 13 (2018).
A. Aab et al. (The Pierre Auger Collab.), Phys. Rev. D 91, 032003 (2015); arXiv: 1408.1421 [astro-ph.HE].
A. Aab et al. (The Pierre Auger Collab.), Phys. Rev. Lett. 117, 192001 (2016); arXiv: 1610.08509 [hep-ex].
S. Müller (for The Pierre Auger Collab.), EPJ Web Conf. 210, 02013 (2019).
J. G. Gonzalez (for the IceCube Collab.), EPJ Web Conf. 208, 03003 (2019).
J. Albrecht, L. Cazon, H. Dembinski, A. Fedynitch, K.-H. Kampert, T. Pierog, W. Rhode, D. Soldin, B. Spaan, R. Ulruch, and M. Unger, arXiv: 2105.06148 [astro-ph.HE].
A. V. Glushkov, V. M. Grigoriev, O. S. Diminshtein, T. A. Egorov, N. N. Efimov, V. D. Koryakin, A. I. Kuz’min, S. V. Makarov, I. T. Maksimov, P. D. Petrov, M. I. Pravdin, G. V. Skripin, and Y. G. Shafer, in Cosmic Rays of Ultra-High Energies, A Collection of Scientific Papers (YaF SO AN SSSR, Yakutsk, 1979), p. 130 [in Russian].
V. P. Artamonov, B. N. Afanasiev, A. Glushkov, V. P. Grigoriev, M. N. Dyakonov, T. A. Egorov, V. P. Egorova, N. N. Efremov, A. A. Ivanov, A. P. Kangalasov, S. P. Knurenko, V. A. Kolosov, V. D. Koryakin, V. B. Kosarev, A. D. Krasilnikov, I. T. Makarov, et al., Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys. 58, 2026 (1994).
A. A. Ivanov, S. P. Knurenko, M. I. Pravdin, and I. E. Sleptsov, Moscow Univ. Phys. Bull. 65, 292 (2010).
R. U. Abbasi, M. Abe, T. Abu-Zayyad, M. Allen, R. Anderson, R. Azuma, E. Barcikowski, J. W. Belz, D. R. Bergman, S. A. Blake, R. Cady, M. J. Chae, B. G. Cheon, J. Chiba, M. Chikawa, W. R. Cho, et al., Astrophys. J. Lett. 790, L21 (2014).
G. F. Krymsky, M. I. Pravdin, and I. E. Sleptsov, Astron. Lett. 43, 703 (2017).
G. F. Krymsky, M. I. Pravdin, I. E. Sleptsov, and A. D. Krasilnikov, Astron. Lett. 45, 576 (2019).
I. Sidelnik (for the Pierre Auger Collab.), in Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Ray Conference ICRC, Ed. by A. Saa (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2013), Vol. 1, p. 479.
A. Aab et al. (The Pierre Auger Collab.), Science (Washington, DC, U. S.) 357, 1266 (2017); arXiv: 1709.07321 [astroph.HE].
M. I. Pravdin, A. A. Ivanov, A. D. Krasilnikov, V. A. Kolosov, I. T. Makarov, A. A. Mikhailov, I. E. Sleptsov, and G. G. Struchkov, Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Fiz. 66, 1594 (2002).
A. A. Ivanov, Phys. Rev. D 97, 083003 (2018); arXiv: 1803.06792 [astro-ph.HE].
R. U. Abbasi, M. Abe, T. Abu-Zayyad, M. Allen, R. Azuma, E. Barcikowski, J. W. Belz, D. R. Bergman, S. A. Blake, R. Cady, B. G. Cheon, J. Chiba, M. Chikawa, T. Fujii, M. Fukushima, T. Goto, et al., Astropart. Phys. 86, 21 (2017); arXiv: 1608.06306 [astro-ph.HE].
T. Wibig and A. Wolfendale, J. Phys. G 25, 2001 (1999).
S. V. Matarkin and L. V. Timofeev, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci.: Phys. 83, 640 (2019).
A. A. Ivanov, S. V. Matarkin, and L. V. Timofeev, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D 29, 2050033 (2020).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was made within the framework of the research project AAAA-A21-121011990011-8 curated by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alekseev, A.K., Atlasov, E.A., Bolotnikov, N.G. et al. Status of the Yakutsk Air Shower Array and Future Plans. Phys. Atom. Nuclei 84, 893–906 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778821130020
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778821130020