Abstract
Heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Although infection with microorganisms is not involved in the development of heart failure in most cases, inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure1. However, the mechanisms responsible for initiating and integrating inflammatory responses within the heart remain poorly defined. Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts derived from bacteria and contain DNA similar to bacterial DNA2,3,4. Mitochondria damaged by external haemodynamic stress are degraded by the autophagy/lysosome system in cardiomyocytes5. Here we show that mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy cell-autonomously leads to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9-mediated inflammatory responses in cardiomyocytes and is capable of inducing myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiac-specific deletion of lysosomal deoxyribonuclease (DNase) II showed no cardiac phenotypes under baseline conditions, but increased mortality and caused severe myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy 10 days after treatment with pressure overload. Early in the pathogenesis, DNase II-deficient hearts showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased messenger RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, with accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deposits in autolysosomes in the myocardium. Administration of inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides against TLR9, which is known to be activated by bacterial DNA6, or ablation of Tlr9 attenuated the development of cardiomyopathy in DNase II-deficient mice. Furthermore, Tlr9 ablation improved pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction and inflammation even in mice with wild-type Dnase2a alleles. These data provide new perspectives on the mechanism of genesis of chronic inflammation in failing hearts.
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Acknowledgements
We thank S. Nagata and K. Kawane, Kyoto University, for discussions and a gift of Dnase2aflox/flox mice, and Y. Uchiyama, Juntendo University, for anti-LC3 antibody. We also thank K. Takada for technical assistance. This work was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan and research grants from Mitsubishi Pharma Research Foundation and the British Heart Foundation (CH/11/3/29051, RG/11/12/29052).
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S.A. and I.K. provided intellectual input; K.O. was responsible for the overall study design and writing the manuscript. The other authors performed experiments and analysed data. All authors contributed to the discussions.
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Oka, T., Hikoso, S., Yamaguchi, O. et al. Mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy causes inflammation and heart failure. Nature 485, 251–255 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10992
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10992
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