[go: up one dir, main page]
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Noise evaluation of battery powered small aircraft

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
CEAS Aeronautical Journal Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Preliminary assessments of battery powered aircraft designs show potential for noise reduction. However, profound analyses estimating this noise reduction potential using white-sheet preliminary aircraft designs are missing so far. Additionally, an investigation on the sensitivity of crucial aircraft design parameters impacting both aircraft performance and noise emissions could be utilized to derive design recommendations for quieter battery powered aircraft without a considerable performance decrease. Feasible preliminary aircraft designs are derived using the multidisciplinary preliminary aircraft design and optimization tool MICADO. The derived preliminary aircraft designs are subsequently evaluated towards their noise emission. Because the propeller represents the dominant noise source, the noise evaluation is focused on the propeller as only source. The noise is evaluated at an observation point situated beneath the flight path on the ground 2500 m away from the brake-release point. Three different aircraft configurations are assessed employing one, two and four electric engines. Besides electric engines, a piston engine aircraft with one engine is assessed for proper baseline values. The design maximum propeller tip Mach number is varied for each configuration resulting in 22 different preliminary aircraft designs. Results substantiate that single electric engine aircraft compared to an analogous single engine piston aircraft, within the actual technology and in terms of propeller noise, produces a higher noise annoyance. Despite this result, important noise reduction potential for electric aircraft can be achieved. When increasing the number of electric engines from one to four, while reducing the design maximum propeller tip Mach number, a max OASPL reduction of 23.8 dBA can be observed for the given TLARs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

CAA:

Computational aeroacoustic

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamic

Electric P.T.:

Electric powertrain

INSTANT:

Integrated noise simulation and assessment module

MICADO:

Multidisciplinary preliminary aircraft design and optimization environment

OASPL:

Overall sound pressure level

OWE:

Operating weight empty

SOC:

State-of-charge

SPL:

Sound pressure level

TAS:

True airspeed

TLARs:

Top level aircraft requirements

WF:

Weighting function

References

  1. Healy G.: Measurement and analysis of aircraft far-field aerodynamic noise. NASA Contractor Report 2377 (1974)

  2. Florentin, J., Durieux, F., Kuriyama, Y., Yamamoto, T.: Electric motor noise in a lightweight steel vehicle. In: SAE Technical Paper Series, SAE International400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale (2011)

  3. Ruijgrok, G.J.J.: Elements of Aviation Acoustics, 2nd edn. Delft University. Press, Delft (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dobrzynski, W., Gehlhar, B.: The noise from piston engine driven propellers on general aviation airplanes. In: 3rd AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston (1997)

  5. Möser, M., Muller, G.: Handbook of Engineering Acoustics. Springer, Heidelberg (2009)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  6. Sadraey, M.H.: Aircraft Design. A Systems Engineering Approach. Aerospace Series. Wiley, Chichester (2012)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  7. Gutin, L.: On the sound field of a rotating propeller. NACA Technical Memorandum, No. 1195 (1936)

  8. Marte, J., Kurtz, D.: A review of aerodynamic noise from propellers, rotors, and lift fans. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Technical Report 32-1462 (1970)

  9. Sahai, A.K.: Consideration of aircraft noise annoyance during conceptual aircraft design. Dissertation (2016)

  10. Anonymous: Prediction procedure for near-field and far-field propeller noise. Society of Automotive Engineers Aerospace Information Report 1407 (1977)

  11. Enders, W.H.: Propeller Noise Modelling And Psychoacoustic Optimization At Conceptual Aircraft Design. RWTH Aachen University, Aachen (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Dobrzynski, W., Heller, H., Powers, J., Densmore, J.: Propeller noise tests in the german-dutch wind tunnel DNW. Executive Data Report DFVLR-IB 129-86/3 (1986)

  13. Wilby, J. F., Wilby, E. G.: A comparison of measured take-off and flyover sound levels for several general aviation propeller-driven aircraft. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Office of Environment and Energy, Washington, DC (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Kreimeier, M.: Evaluation of On-Demand Air Mobility Concepts with Utilization of Electric Powered Small Aircraft. Unpublished dissertation, RWTH Aachen (Expected 2018)

  15. Kreimeier, M., Stumpf, E., Gottschalk, D.: Economical assessment of air mobility on demand concepts with focus on Germany. In: 16th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (2016)

  16. Sóbester, A., Forrester, A.I.J.: Aircraft Aerodynamic Design. Geometry and Optimization. Aerospace Series. Wiley, Chichester (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Patterson, M.D., German, B.J., Moore, M.D.: Performance analysis and design of on-demand electric aircraft concepts. In: 12th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference and 14th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference (2012)

  18. Gudmundsson, S.: General Aviation Aircraft Design. Applied Methods and Procedures, 1st edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (2014)

    Google Scholar 

  19. Stoffel, P.: Modellierung und Optimierung eines hybriden Antriebsstrangs für Kleinflugzeuge. Bachelor, RWTH Aachen University (2016)

  20. Vladimir Kuptsov, P.: MotorAnalysis, Design and Analysis of induction motors version 2.2 User Manual (2016)

  21. Clarke, S., Papathakis, K., Samuel, A., Lin, Y., Ginn, S.: NASA SCEPTOR electric concept aircraft power system. X-plane electric propulsion system design and qualification for crewed flight testing. In: 2016 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC), pp. 1–27. IEEE (2016)

  22. Siemens AG: Siemens develops world-record electric motor for aircraft. http://www.siemens.com/press/en/feature/2015/corporate/2015-03-electromotor.php?content=Corp (2015). Accessed 5 April 2016

  23. Siemens AG: Aerobatic Airplane “Extra 330LE”. with world-record electric motor from Siemens (2016)

  24. Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.: DIN 57100 Teil 523/VDE 0100 Teil 523.6-81 (1981)

  25. Tremblay, O., Dessaint, L.-A., Dekkiche, A.-I.: A generic battery model for the dynamic simulation of hybrid electric vehicles. In: 2007 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 284–289. IEEE (2007)

  26. Raymer, D.P.: Aircraft Design. A Conceptual Approach. AIAA Education Series, 5th edn. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA), Reston (2012)

  27. Nicolai, L.M., Carichner, G.: Aircraft Design. AIAA Education Series, vol. 1, AIAA American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston (2010)

  28. Nexans S.A.: ABS 0949-AD, AWG 24 to 4. Nickel Copper Clad Aluminium Alloy Conductors. http://www.nexans.com/France/product/doc/en/AD_AluCuNi_Awg24to4.pdf

  29. Horstmann, K.H.: Ein Mehrfachtraglinienverfahren und seine Verwendung für Entwurf und Nachrechnung nichtplanarer Flügelanordnungen. Dissertation, Dt. Forschungs- u. Versuchsanst. für Luft- u. Raumfahrt (DFVLR) (1987)

  30. Howe, D.: Aircraft Conceptual Design Synthesis. Professional Engineering Publishing, London (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Environmental protection. Aircraft Noise, International standards and recommended practices. vol. I, Annex 16 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. International Civil Aviation Organization, Montréal, Quebec (Issued also in Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish) (2014)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Luft- und Raumfahrtsysteme, RWTH Aachen University, Wüllnerstr. 7, 52602, Aachen, Germany

    M. Y. Pereda Albarrán, M. Kreimeier, W. Enders & E. Stumpf

Authors
  1. M. Y. Pereda Albarrán
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Kreimeier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W. Enders
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. E. Stumpf
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Y. Pereda Albarrán.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix

Appendix

In Table 4, the results calculated at the take-off reference noise measurement point are summed up.

Table content: The first letter represents the type of engine, E for electric and P for piston engines. The first number represents the number of engines ranging from one to four. The second number corresponds to the limited max propeller tip Mach number. It is important to notice the difference between Max MT which represents the design maximum propeller tip Mach number and MT which stands for the propeller tip Mach number at the take-off reference noise measurement point. Height represents the distance to the ground at the already mentioned noise measurement point.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Pereda Albarrán, M.Y., Kreimeier, M., Enders, W. et al. Noise evaluation of battery powered small aircraft. CEAS Aeronaut J 11, 125–135 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-019-00404-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13272-019-00404-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation