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Endothelial Cells: From Dysfunction Mechanism to Pharmacological Effect in Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the innermost layer of blood vessels that play important roles in homeostasis and vascular function. However, recent evidence suggests that the onset of inflammation and the production of reactive oxygen species impair the function of ECs and are a main factor in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study, we investigated the effects of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress, and treatment on ECs in CVD patients. This review article is based on the material obtained from PubMed up to 2018. The key search terms used were “Cardiovascular Disease,” “Endothelial Cell Dysfunction,” “Inflammation,” “Treatment,” and “Oxidative Stress.” The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as reduced nitric oxide (NO) production by ECs impairs the function of blood vessels. Therefore, treatment of CVD patients leads to the expression of transcription factors activating anti-oxidant mechanisms and NO production. In contrast, NO production by inflammatory agents can cause ECs repair due to differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Therefore, identifying the molecular pathways leading to the differentiation of EPCs through mediation of factors induced by inflammatory factors can be effective in regenerative medicine for ECs repair.

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Abbreviations

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

Mo:

Monocyte

EC:

Endothelial cell

MQ:

Macrophage

Plt:

Platelet

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

HF:

Heart failure

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

NO:

Nitric oxide

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

SCR-A:

Scavenger receptor-A

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

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Acknowledgements

We wish to thank all our colleagues in Allied Health Sciences School, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Habib Haybar

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

    Saeid Shahrabi

  3. Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran

    Hadi Rezaeeyan, Reza Shirzad & Najmaldin Saki

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  1. Habib Haybar
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  2. Saeid Shahrabi
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  3. Hadi Rezaeeyan
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  5. Najmaldin Saki
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Contributions

NS conceived the manuscript and revised it. HH, SS, HR, and RS wrote the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Najmaldin Saki.

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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

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Handling Editor: Atsushi Sugiyama.

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Haybar, H., Shahrabi, S., Rezaeeyan, H. et al. Endothelial Cells: From Dysfunction Mechanism to Pharmacological Effect in Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiovasc Toxicol 19, 13–22 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-018-9493-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-018-9493-8

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