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Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiome in Colon Cancer

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Abstract

Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been associated with the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). Gut microbiota is involved in the metabolic transformations of dietary components into oncometabolites and tumor-suppressive metabolites that in turn affect CRC development. In a healthy colon, the major of microbial metabolism is saccharolytic fermentation pathways. The alpha-bug hypothesis suggested that oncogenic bacteria such as enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) induce the development of CRC through direct interactions with colonic epithelial cells and alterations of microbiota composition at the colorectal site. Escherichia coli, E. faecalis, F. nucleatum, and Streptococcus gallolyticus showed higher abundance whereas Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, Faecalibacterium, and Roseburia showed reduced abundance in CRC patients. The alterations of gut microbiota may be used as potential therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat CRC. Probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium inhibit the growth of CRC through inhibiting inflammation and angiogenesis and enhancing the function of the intestinal barrier through the secretion of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Crosstalk between lifestyle, host genetics, and gut microbiota is well documented in the prevention and treatment of CRC. Future studies are required to understand the interaction between gut microbiota and host to the influence and prevention of CRC. However, a better understanding of bacterial dysbiosis in the heterogeneity of CRC tumors should also be considered. Metatranscriptomic and metaproteomic studies are considered a powerful omic tool to understand the anti-cancer properties of certain bacterial strains. The clinical benefits of probiotics in the CRC context remain to be determined. Metagenomic approaches along with metabolomics and immunology will open a new avenue for the treatment of CRC shortly. Dietary interventions may be suitable to modulate the growth of beneficial microbiota in the gut.

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Funding

AIIMS Intramural funding to SK; DBT & SERB funding to IC

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, 610005, India

    Indranil Chattopadhyay

  2. Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India

    Ruby Dhar, Karthikeyan Pethusamy, Ashikh Seethy, Tryambak Srivastava & Subhradip Karmakar

  3. Rajendra Prasad Center for Opthalmic Sciences, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, USA

    Ramkishor Sah

  4. Department of Surgical Oncology, NCI AIIMS, Jhajjar, Haryana, India

    Jyoti Sharma

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  1. Indranil Chattopadhyay
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  8. Subhradip Karmakar
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Contributions

IC and SK drafted the manuscript. RD, AS, KP, TS, and RS assisted with references and critical reading. JS helped with clinical input. SK has overseen the entire work.

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Correspondence to Subhradip Karmakar.

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Chattopadhyay, I., Dhar, R., Pethusamy, K. et al. Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiome in Colon Cancer. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 193, 1780–1799 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-021-03498-9

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