[go: up one dir, main page]
Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in

Recent Advances in the Early Intervention in Schizophrenia: Future Direction from Preclinical Findings

  • Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders (AK Pandurangi, Section Editor)
  • Published:
Current Psychiatry Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in the potential benefit of early intervention in schizophrenia. Patients with schizophrenia show cognitive impairment for several years preceding the onset of psychosis. The author discusses the recent topics on prevention of schizophrenia.

Recent Findings

Preclinical findings suggest that maternal immune activation (MIA) produces cognitive deficits as a prodromal symptom in juvenile offspring in rodents. Treatment with anti-inflammatory compounds, such as D-serine, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (a TrkB agonist), sulforaphane (or its precursor glucoraphanin), and TPPU (1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea: a soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor), during adolescence might prevent the onset of behavioral abnormalities and parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex of adult offspring after MIA.

Summary

Based on the role of inflammation and cognitive impairment in the prodromal state, early intervention using anti-inflammatory compounds (i.e., D-serine, sodium benzoate, TrkB agonist, Nrf2 agonist, soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor) may reduce the risk of subsequent transition to schizophrenia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Schizophrenia. 2019. https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/schizophrenia/en/.

  2. Elvevåg B, Goldberg TE. Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is the core of the disorder. Crit Rev Neurobiol. 2000;14(1):21.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Harvey PD. What is the evidence for changes in cognition and functioning over the lifespan in patients with schizophrenia? J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(Suppl 2):34–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Keefe RS. The longitudinal course of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: an examination of data from premorbid through posttreatment phases of illness. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014;75(Suppl 2):2–8.

    Google Scholar 

  5. •• Fusar-Poli P, Deste G, Smieskova R, Barlati S, Yung AR, Howes O, et al. Cognitive functioning in prodromal psychosis: a meta-analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:562–71. This is a meta-analysis of cognitive function in prodromal state.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Bora E, Murray RM. Meta-analysis of cognitive deficits in ultra-high risk to psychosis and first-episode psychosis: do the cognitive deficits progress over, or after, the onset of psychosis? Schizophr Bull. 2014;40:744–55.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mollon J, Reichenberg A. Cognitive development prior to onset of psychosis. Psychol Med. 2018;48:392–403.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Hauser M, Zhang JP, Sheridan EM, Burdick KE, Mogil R, Kane JM, et al. Neuropsychological test performance to enhance identification of subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis and to be most promising for predictive algorithms for conversion to psychosis: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017;78:e28–40.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Bolt LK, Amminger GP, Farhall J, McGorry PD, Nelson B, Markulev C, et al. Neurocognition as a predictor of transition to psychotic disorder and functional outcomes in ultra-high risk participants: findings from the NEURAPRO randomized clinical trial. Schizophr Res. 2018;206:67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.12.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Bloomfield PS, Selvaraj S, Veronese M, Rizzo G, Bertoldo A, Owen DR, et al. Microglial activity in people at ultra high risk of psychosis and in schizophrenia: an [11C]PBR28 PET brain imaging study. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173:44–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Di Biase MA, Zalesky A, O’keefe G, Laskaris L, Baune BT, Weickert CS, et al. PET imaging of putative microglial activation in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis, recently diagnosed and chronically ill with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1225.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Hafizi S, Da Silva T, Gerritsen C, Kiang M, Bagby RM, Prce I, et al. Imaging microglial activation in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis: an in vivo PET study with [18F]FEPPA. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017;42:2474–81.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Marques TR, Ashok AH, Pillinger T, Veronese M, Turkheimer FE, Dazzan P, et al. Neuroinflammation in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of in vivo microglial imaging studies. Psychol Med. 2018:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718003057.

  14. Laskaris LE, Di Biase MA, Everall I, Chana G, Christopoulos A, Skafidas E, et al. Microglial activation and progressive brain changes in schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol. 2016;173:666–80.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Mendelson T, Eaton WW. Recent advances in the prevention of mental disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2018;53:325–39.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Canetta S, Sourander A, Surcel HM, Hinkka-Yli-Salomäki S, Leiviskä J, Kellendonk C, et al. Elevated maternal C-reactive protein and increased risk of schizophrenia in a national birth cohort. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171:960–8.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. • Estes ML, McAllister AK. Maternal immune activation: implications for neuropsychiatric disorders. Science. 2016;353:772–7. This is a review article on MIA and psychiatric disorders.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. •• Brown AS, Meyer U. Maternal immune activation and neuropsychiatric illness: a translational research perspective. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175:1073–83. This is a review article on MIA and psychiatric disorders.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Boulanger-Bertolus J, Pancaro C, Mashour GA. Increasing role of maternal immune activation in neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12:230.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Gumusoglu SB, Stevens HE. Maternal inflammation and neurodevelopmental programming: a review of preclinical outcomes and implications for translational psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85:107–21.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Lydholm CN, Köhler-Forsberg O, Nordentoft M, Yolken RH, Mortensen PB, Petersen L, et al. Parental infections before, during, and after pregnancy as risk factors for mental disorders in childhood and adolescence: a nationwide Danish study. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;85:317–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Smolders S, Notter T, Smolders SMT, Rigo JM, Brône B. Controversies and prospects about microglia in maternal immune activation models for neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;73:51–65.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. • Fujita Y, Ishima T, Hashimoto K. Supplementation with D-serine prevents the onset of cognitive deficits in adult offspring after maternal immune activation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:37261. This is an article showing beneficial effects of D-serine in prodromal model of schizophrenia.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. •• Han M, Zhang JC, Yao W, Yang C, Ishima T, Ren Q, et al. Intake of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone during juvenile and adolescent stages prevents onset of psychosis in adult offspring after maternal immune activation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36087. This is an article showing beneficial effects of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (TrkB agonist) in prodromal model of schizophrenia.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Han M, Zhang JC, Huang XF, Hashimoto K. Intake of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone from pregnancy to weaning prevents cognitive deficits in adult offspring after maternal immune activation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2017;267:479–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Dabbah-Assadi F, Alon D, Golani I, Doron R, Kremer I, Beloosesky R, et al. The influence of immune activation at early vs late gestation on fetal NRG1-ErbB4 expression and behavior in juvenile and adult mice offspring. Brain Behav Immun. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.002.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Hashimoto K, Malchow B, Falkai P, Schmitt A. Glutamate modulators as potential therapeutic drugs in schizophrenia and affective disorders. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;263:367–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Hashimoto K. Targeting of NMDA receptors in new treatments for schizophrenia. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2014;18:1049–63.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Ohgi Y, Futamura T, Hashimoto K. Glutamate signaling in synaptogenesis and NMDA receptors as potential therapeutic targets for psychiatric disorders. Curr Mol Med. 2015;15:206–21.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Hardingham GE, Do KQ. Linking early-life NMDAR hypofunction and oxidative stress in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2016;17:125–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Coyle JT. Schizophrenia: basic and clinical. Adv Neurobiol. 2017;15:255–80.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Javitt DC, Lee M, Kantrowitz JT, Martinez A. Mismatch negativity as a biomarker of theta band oscillatory dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;191:51–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kantrowitz JT, Swerdlow NR, Dunn W, Vinogradov S. Auditory system target engagement during plasticity-based interventions in schizophrenia: a focus on modulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate-type glutamate receptor function. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2018;3:581–90.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Hashimoto K, Fukushima T, Shimizu E, Komatsu N, Watanabe H, Shinoda N, et al. Decreased serum levels of D-serine in patients with schizophrenia: evidence in support of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction hypothesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:572–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hashimoto K, Engberg G, Shimizu E, Nordin C, Lindström LH, Iyo M. Reduced D-serine to total serine ratio in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug naive schizophrenic patients. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005;29:767–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Guercio GD, Panizzutti R. Potential and challenges for the clinical use of D-serine as a cognitive enhancer. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:14.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. MacKay MB, Kravtsenyuk M, Thomas R, Mitchell ND, Dursun SM, Baker GB. D-Serine: Potential therapeutic agent and/or biomarker in schizophrenia and depression? Front Psychiatry. 2018;10:25.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Miya K, Inoue R, Takata Y, Abe M, Natsume R, Sakimura K, et al. Serine racemase is predominantly localized in neurons in mouse brain. J Comp Neurol. 2008;510:641–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Coyle JT, Balu DT. The role of serine racemase in the pathophysiology of brain disorders. Adv Pharmacol. 2018;82:35–56.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wolosker H. The neurobiology of D-serine signaling. Adv Pharmacol. 2018;82:325–48.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Ivanov AD, Mothet JP. The plastic D-serine signaling pathway: sliding from neurons to glia and vice-versa. Neurosci Lett. 2019;689:21–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Perez EJ, Tapanes SA, Loris ZB, Balu DT, Sick TJ, Coyle JT, et al. Enhanced astrocytic D-serine underlies synaptic damage after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:3114–25.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Dong C, Zhang JC, Ren Q, Ma M, Qu Y, Zhang K, et al. Deletion of serine racemase confers D-serine -dependent resilience to chronic social defeat stress. Neurochem Int. 2018;116:43–51.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Levin R, Dor-Abarbanel AE, Edelman S, Durrant AR, Hashimoto K, Javitt DC, et al. Behavioral and cognitive effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor co-agonist D-serine in healthy humans: initial findings. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;61:188–95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kantrowitz JT, Epstein ML, Lee M, Lehrfeld N, Nolan KA, Shope C, et al. Improvement in mismatch negativity generation during d-serine treatment in schizophrenia: correlation with symptoms. Schizophr Res. 2018;191:70–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Koshiyama D, Kirihara K, Tada M, Nagai T, Fujioka M, Usui K, et al. Gamma-band auditory steady-state response is associated with plasma levels of D-serine in schizophrenia: an exploratory study. Schizophr Res. 2019;208:467–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.02.012.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Panizzutti R, Fisher M, Garrett C, Man WH, Sena W, Madeira C, et al. Association between increased serum D-serine and cognitive gains induced by intensive cognitive training in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2018;207:63–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.04.011.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Chang CH, Lane HY, Tseng PT, Chen SJ, Liu CY, Lin CH. Effect of N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-enhancing agents on cognition in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomised controlled trials. J Psychopharmacol. 2019;33:436–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118822157.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Hagiwara H, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Neonatal disruption of serine racemase causes schizophrenia-like behavioral abnormalities in adulthood: clinical rescue by D-serine. PLoS One. 2013;8:e62438.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Ryan A, Baker A, Dark F, Foley S, Gordon A, Hatherill S, et al. The efficacy of sodium benzoate as an adjunctive treatment in early psychosis - CADENCE-BZ: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2017;18:165.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  51. Han M, Zhang JC, Hashimoto K. Increased levels of C1q in the prefrontal cortex of adult offspring after maternal immune activation: prevention by 7,8-dihydroxyflavone. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2017;15:64–7.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Shirai Y, Fujita Y, Hashimoto R, Ohi K, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, et al. Dietary intake of sulforaphane-rich broccoli sprout extracts during juvenile and adolescence can prevent phencyclidine-induced cognitive deficits at adulthood. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0127244.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. •• Matsuura A, Ishima T, Fujita Y, Iwayama Y, Hasegawa S, Kawahara-Miki R, et al. Dietary glucoraphanin prevents the onset of psychosis in the adult offspring after maternal immune activation. Sci Rep. 2018;8:2158. This is an article showing beneficial effects of dietary glucoraphanin in the prevention of psychosis in offspring after MIA.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. •• Ma M, Ren Q, Yang J, Zhang K, Xiong Z, Ishima T, et al. Key role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in the neurodevelopmental disorders of offspring after maternal immune activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1819234116. This is the first article showing the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and ASD.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. CoNCERT Pharmaceuticals Inc. 2019. https://www.concertpharma.com/product-pipeline/.

  56. •• Lane HY, Lin CH, Green MF, Hellemann G, Huang CC, Chen PW, et al. Add-on treatment of benzoate for schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:1267–75. This is an article showing beneficial effects of sodium benzoate in patients with schizophrenia.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Lin CH, Lin CH, Chang YC, Huang YJ, Chen PW, Yang HT, et al. Sodium benzoate, a D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor, added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Biol Psychiatry. 2018;84:422–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Matsuura A, Fujita Y, Iyo M, Hashimoto K. Effects of sodium benzoate on pre-pulse inhibition deficits and hyperlocomotion in mice after administration of phencyclidine. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2015;27:159–67.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Popiolek M, Tierney B, Steyn SJ, DeVivo M. Lack of effect of sodium benzoate at reported clinical therapeutic concentration on D-alanine metabolism in dogs. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2018;9:2832–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Brahmachari S, Jana A, Pahan K. Sodium benzoate, a metabolite of cinnamon and a food additive, reduces microglial and astroglial inflammatory responses. J Immunol. 2009;183:5917–27.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  61. Nieto R, Kukuljan M, Silva H. BDNF and schizophrenia: from neurodevelopment to neuronal plasticity, learning, and memory. Front Psychiatry. 2013;4:45.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  62. Rodrigues-Amorim D, Rivera-Baltanás T, Bessa J, Sousa N, Vallejo-Curto MC, Rodríguez-Jamardo C, et al. The neurobiological hypothesis of neurotrophins in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2018;106:43–53.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. • Yang B, Ren Q, Zhang JC, Chen QX, Hashimoto K. Altered expression of BDNF, BDNF pro-peptide and their precursor proBDNF in brain and liver tissues from psychiatric disorders: rethinking the brain-liver axis. Transl Psychiatry. 2017;7:e1128. This is an article showing abnormalities in proBDNF, BDNF, and BDNF pro-peptide in the postmortem brain from schizophrenia.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Islam F, Mulsant BH, Voineskos AN, Rajji TK. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in individuals with schizophrenia and healthy aging: testing the accelerated aging hypothesis of schizophrenia. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017;19:36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Du X, Hill RA. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone as a pro-neurotrophic treatment for neurodevelopmental disorders. Neurochem Int. 2015;89:170–80.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Liu C, Chan CB, Ye K. 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, a small molecular TrkB agonist, is useful for treating various BDNF-implicated human disorders. Transl Neurodegener. 2016;5:2.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  67. Makar TK, Nimmagadda VK, Singh IS, Lam K, Mubariz F, Judge SI, et al. TrkB agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, reduces the clinical and pathological severity of a murine model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 2016;292:9–20.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Zhang JC, Yao W, Hashimoto K. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-TrkB signaling in inflammation-related depression and potential therapeutic targets. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14:721–31.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Ren Q, Zhang JC, Fujita Y, Ma M, Wu J, Hashimoto K. Effects of TrkB agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone on sensory gating deficits in mice after administration of methamphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;106:124–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ren Q, Zhang JC, Ma M, Fujita Y, Wu J, Hashimoto K. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone, a TrkB agonist, attenuates behavioral abnormalities and neurotoxicity in mice after administration of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231:159–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Zhang JC, Wu J, Fujita Y, Yao W, Ren Q, Yang C, et al. Antidepressant effects of TrkB ligands on depression-like behavior and dendritic changes in mice after inflammation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;18:pyu077.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Zhang JC, Yao W, Dong C, Yang C, Ren Q, Ma M, et al. Comparison of ketamine, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, and ANA-12 antidepressant effects in the social defeat stress model of depression. Psychopharmacology. 2015;232:4325–35.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Shirayama Y, Yang C, Zhang JC, Ren Q, Yao W, Hashimoto K. Alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in the brain regions of a learned helplessness rat model and the antidepressant effects of a TrkB agonist and antagonist. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25:2449–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Agarwal V, Blom AM. Roles of complement C1q in pneumococcus-host interactions. Crit Rev Immunol. 2015;35:173–84.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Kouser L, Madhukaran SP, Shastri A, Saraon A, Ferluga J, Al-Mozaini M. Emerging and novel functions of complement protein C1q. Front Immunol. 2015;6:317.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. • Yamamoto M, Kensler TW, Motohashi H. The KEAP1-NRF2 system: a thiol-based sensor-effector apparatus for maintaining redox homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2018;98:1169–203. This is an excellent review article on Keap1-Nrf2 system.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Hashimoto K. Essential role of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in mood disorders: overview and future perspective. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:1182.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. • Yao W, Zhang JC, Ishima T, Dong C, Yang C, Ren Q, et al. Role of Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in depression and dietary intake of glucoraphanin confers stress resilience in mice. Sci Rep. 2016;6:30659. This is an article showing stress resilience in Nrf2 KO mice.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Zhang JC, Yao W, Dong C, Yang C, Ren Q, Ma M, et al. Prophylactic effects of sulforaphane on depression-like behavior and dendritic changes in mice after inflammation. J Nutr Biochem. 2017;39:134–44.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Zhang JC, Yao W, Dong C, Han M, Shirayama Y, Hashimoto K. Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway confers resilience versus susceptibility to inescapable electric stress. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2018;268:865–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Chen H, Wu J, Zhang J, Fujita Y, Ishima T, Iyo M, et al. Protective effects of the antioxidant sulforaphane on behavioral changes and neurotoxicity in mice after the administration of methamphetamine. Psychopharmacology. 2012;222:37–45.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Shirai Y, Fujita Y, Hashimoto K. Effects of the antioxidant sulforaphane on hyperlocomotion and prepulse inhibition deficits in mice after phencyclidine administration. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2012;10:94–8.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  83. McNamara RK, Almeida DM. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency and progressive neuropathology in psychiatric disorders: a review of translational evidence and candidate mechanisms. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2019;27:94–107.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Amminger GP, Schäfer MR, Papageorgiou K, Klier CM, Cotton SM, Harrigan SM, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:146–54.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. McGorry PD, Nelson B, Markulev C, Yuen HP, Schäfer MR, Mossaheb N, et al. Effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in young people at ultrahigh risk for psychotic pisorders: the NEURAPRO randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74:19–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Davies C, Cipriani A, Ioannidis JPA, Radua J, Stahl D, Provenzani U, et al. Lack of evidence to favor specific preventive interventions in psychosis: a network meta-analysis. World Psychiatry. 2018;17:196–209.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Swardfager W, Hennebelle M, Yu D, Hammock BD, Levitt AJ, Hashimoto K, et al. Metabolic/inflammatory/vascular comorbidity in psychiatric disorders; soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) as a possible new target. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018;87:56–66.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  88. Hashimoto K. Role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in metabolism of PUFAs in psychiatric and neurological disorders. Front Pharmacol. 2018;10:36.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Impact of soluble epoxide hydrolase and epoxyeicosanoids on human health. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2013;53:37–58.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Hashimoto K. Soluble epoxide hydrolase: a new therapeutic target for depression. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2016;20:1149–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Wagner KM, McReynolds CB, Schmidt WK, Hammock BD. Soluble epoxide hydrolase as a therapeutic target for pain, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;180:62–76.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. • Ren Q, Ma M, Ishima T, Morisseau C, Yang J, Wagner KM, et al. Gene deficiency and pharmacological inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase confers resilience to repeated social defeat stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113:E1944–52. This is the first article showing the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in depression.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  93. • Ren Q, Ma M, Yang J, Nonaka R, Yamaguchi A, Ishikawa KI, et al. Soluble epoxide hydrolase plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115:E5815–23. This is the first article showing the role of soluble epoxide hydrolase in Parkinson’s disease and dementia with Lewy body.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Schultze-Lutter F, Michel C, Schmidt SJ, Schimmelmann BG, Maric NP, Salokangas RK, et al. EPA guidance on the early detection of clinical high risk states of psychoses. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30:405–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author would like to thank the collaborators who are listed as the co-authors of our papers in the reference list.

Funding

This study was supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI Grant 17H042431 and Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development Grant JP19dm0107119.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan

    Kenji Hashimoto

Authors
  1. Kenji Hashimoto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kenji Hashimoto.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

This review article does not contain any original studies with humans or animal subjects performed by author.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hashimoto, K. Recent Advances in the Early Intervention in Schizophrenia: Future Direction from Preclinical Findings. Curr Psychiatry Rep 21, 75 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1063-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1063-7

Keywords