Abstract
Moving beyond the study of either of social or ecological networks, the research on social–ecological systems (SESs) has paved the way for sustainability science to analyse social and ecological networks in an integrated manner. However, the reality of SESs is not only one of hierarchal subsystems rooted in human societies and their ecological resource-based needs. Rather, it is constructed through a constellation of ‘socio-material’ relations between humans and the environment. This is a world in which not only the environment, and living species within it, is a passive actor, but other non-human actors, such as new technologies, discourses, models or even reports, can be seen to play a role in SESs’ present and future functionality. To capture this ‘more-than-human’ domain of interaction—which is essential for delivering a sound sustainability analysis—we place emphasis on the need for consideration of new socio-materialistic insights in SES conceptualisation and analysis. Along with adopting a transdisciplinary frame to provide relevance and usability of the concept, higher dimensional networks, known as simplicial complexes, are proposed for representing SES structures.
References
Agarwal B (2000) Conceptualising environmental collective action: why gender matters. Camb J Econ 24(3):283–310
Agrawal A (2005) Environmentality: technologies of government and the making of subjects. Duke University Press, Durham
Anderies JM, Janssen MA, Ostrom E (2004) A framework to analyze the robustness of social-ecological systems from an institutional perspective. Ecol Soc 9(1):18
Anderson MW, Teisl MF, Noblet CL (2016) Whose values count: is a theory of social choice for sustainability science possible? Sustain Sci 11(3):373–383
Berge C, Minieka E (1973) Graphs and hypergraphs, vol 7. North-Holland publishing company, Amsterdam
Berkes F, Folke C (1998) Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and sustainability. In: Berkes F, Folke C (eds) Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 1–25
Bijker WE (2007) Dikes and dams, thick with politics. Isis 98(1):109–123
Bijker W (2012) Do we live in water cultures? A methodological commentary. Soc Stud Sci 42(4):624–627
Binder CR, Hinkel J, Bots PW, Pahl-Wostl C (2013) Comparison of frameworks for analyzing social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 18(4):26
Blok A (2013) Urban green assemblages. Sci Technol Stud 26(1):5–24
Bodin Ö, Österblom H (2013) International fisheries regime effectiveness—activities and resources of key actors in the Southern Ocean. Glob Environ Change 23(5):948–956
Bodin Ö, Tengö M (2012) Disentangling intangible social–ecological systems. Glob Environ Change 22(2):430–439
Borgatti SP, Mehra A, Brass DJ, Labianca G (2009) Network analysis in the social sciences. Science 323(5916):892–895
Bots P, Schlüter M, Sendzimir J (2015) A framework for analyzing, comparing, and diagnosing social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 20(4):18. doi:10.5751/ES-08051-200418
Bourdieu P (1977) Outline of a theory of practice, vol 16. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Bretto A (2013) Hypergraph theory. An introduction. Mathematical Engineering. Springer, Cham
Busseniers E (2014) General centrality in a hypergraph. arXiv preprint. arXiv:1403.5162
Carroll, P (2012) Water and technoscientific state formation in California. Soc Stud Sci 42:489–516
Cash DW, Adger W, Berkes F, Garden P, Lebel L, Olsson P, Pritchard L, Young O (2006) Scale and cross-scale dynamics: governance and information in a multilevel world. Ecol Soc 11(2):8. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss2/art8/
Chokkakula S (2015) The political geographies of Interstate water disputes in India. University of Washington, Seattle
Crona B, Bodin Ö (2006) What you know is who you know? Communication patterns among resource users as a prerequisite for co-management. Ecol Soc 11(2):7
Daniell KA, Barreteau O (2014) Water governance across competing scales: coupling land and water management. J Hydrol 519(Part C):2367–2380. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.055
Dietz T, Ostrom E, Stern PC (2003) The struggle to govern the commons. Science 302(5652):1907–1912
Eckersley R (1992) Environmentalism and political theory: toward an ecocentric approach. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge
Folke C, Hahn T, Olsson P, Norberg J (2005) Adaptive governance of social-ecological systems. Annu Rev Environ Resour 30:441–473
Gabriel N (2014) Urban political ecology: environmental imaginary, governance, and the non-human. Geogr Compass 8(1):38–48
Garlaschelli D, Caldarelli G, Pietronero L (2003) Universal scaling relations in food webs. Nature 423(6936):165–168
Greening BR, Pinter-Wollman N, Fefferman NH (2015) Higher-order interactions: understanding the knowledge capacity of social groups using simplicial sets. Curr Zool 6:114–127
Hamilton C (2013) Political utopianism in the anthropocene. Black Inc, Collingwood
Janssen MA, Bodin O, Anderies JM, Elmqvist T, Ernstson H, McAllister RR, Olsson P, Ryan P (2006) Toward a network perspective of the study of resilience in social-ecological systems. Ecol Soc 11(1):15
Jonsson J (2008) Simplicial complexes of graphs. Springer, Berlin
Latour B (1999) On recalling ANT. Sociol Rev 47(S1):15–25
Latour B (2002) Gabriel Tarde and the end of the social. In: The social in question: new bearings in history and the social sciences, pp 117–132
Latour B (2005) Reassembling the social-an introduction to actor-network-theory. In: Latour B (ed) Reassembling the social-an introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford University Press, Oxford, p 316 ISBN-10: 0199256047. ISBN-13: 9780199256044, 1 (Foreword by Bruno Latour)
Latour B, Jensen P, Venturini T, Grauwin S, Boullier D (2012) The whole is always smaller than its parts’—a digital test of Gabriel Tardes’ monads. Br J Sociol 63(4):590–615
Legrand J, Soulier E, Bugeaud F, Rousseaux F, Saurel P, Neffati H (2012) A new methodology for collecting and exploiting vast amounts of dynamic data. In: Third International Conference on Emerging Intelligent Data and Web Technologies (EIDWT 2012), IEEE, pp 81–88
Markard J, Raven R, Truffer B (2012) Sustainability transitions: an emerging field of research and its prospects. Res Policy 41(6):955–967
McGinnis MD, Ostrom E (2014) Social-ecological system framework: initial changes and continuing challenges. Ecol Soc 19(2):30
McMichael AJ, Butler CD, Folke C (2003) New visions for addressing sustainability. Science 302(5652):1919–1920
Menga F (2015) Building a nation through a dam: the case of Rogun in Tajikistan. Natl Papers 43(3):479–494
Miller TR (2013) Constructing sustainability science: emerging perspectives and research trajectories. Sustain Sci 8(2):279–293
Mwangi E (2007) Socioeconomic change and land use in Africa: the transformation of property rights in Maasailand. Palgrave Macmillan, New York
Nabavi E (2015) Fluid politics of viability: conflict over more-than-water in central Iran. In: Paper presented at the Center for Development Research ZEF, Bonn, Germany
Nabavi E, Daniell KA, Najafi H (2016) Boundary matters: the potential of system dynamics to support sustainability? J Clean Prod. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.032
Neumann R (2005) Making political ecology. Hodder Arnold, London
Ostrom E (2007) A diagnostic approach for going beyond panaceas. Proc Natl Acad Sci 104(39):15181–15187
Ostrom E (2009) A general framework for analyzing sustainability of. Science 325:419–422
Ostrom E, Burger J, Field CB, Norgaard RB, Policansky D (1999) Revisiting the commons: local lessons, global challenges. Science 284(5412):278–282
Pahl-Wostl C, Holtz G, Kastens B, Knieper C (2010) Analyzing complex water governance regimes: the management and transition framework. Environ Sci Policy 13(7):571–581
Peet R, Watts M (2002) Liberation ecologies: environment, development and social movements. Routledge
Prell C, Hubacek K, Reed M (2009) Stakeholder analysis and social network analysis in natural resource management. Soc Nat Resour 22(6):501–518
Reid W, Chen D, Goldfarb L, Hackmann H, Lee Y, Mokhele K, Ostrom E, Raivio K, Rockström J, Schellnhuber H, Whyte A (2010) Earth system science for global sustainability: grand challenges. Science 330(6006):916–917
Robbins P (2011) Political ecology: a critical introduction, vol 16. John Wiley & Sons, London
Schneider M, Scholz J, Lubell M, Mindruta D, Edwardsen M (2003) Building consensual institutions: networks and the National Estuary Program. Am J Polit Sci 47(1):143–158
Seidman SB (1981) Structures induced by collections of subsets: a hypergraph approach. Math Soc Sci 1(4):381–396
Soulier E, Rousseaux F, Bugeaud F, Legrand J, Neffati H (2011) Modeling and simulation of new territories projects using agencements theory, mereological principles and simplicial complex tool. In: Paper presented at the International Conference on Smart and Sustainable City (ICSSC)
Soulier E, Neffati H, Bugeaud F, Calvez P, Leitzman M (2012) Territorial assemblages and Governance: The example of the Taonaba project [Town of Abymes, Guadeloupe. In: Paper presented at the XI INTI International Conference La Plata 17 al 20 de octubre 2012 La Plata, Argentina. Inteligencia territorial y globalización: Tensiones, transición y transformación
Starik M (1995) Should trees have managerial standing? Toward stakeholder status for non-human nature. J Bus Ethics 14(3):207–217
Stouffer DB, Sales-Pardo M, Sirer MI, Bascompte J (2012) Evolutionary conservation of species’ roles in food webs. Science 335(6075):1489–1492
Tarde G (2011) Monadology and sociology. re. press, Melbourne
Turner BL, Clark WC, Kates RW, Richards JF, Mathews JT, Meyer WB (1993) The earth as transformed by human action: global and regional changes in the biosphere over the past 300 years. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Venturini T (2010) Diving in magma: how to explore controversies with actor-network theory. Public Underst Sci 19(3):258–273
Walker B, Meyers JA (2004) Thresholds in ecological and social ecological systems: a developing database. Ecol Soc 9(2):3
Walker B, Carpenter S, Anderies J, Abel N, Cumming G, Janssen M, Pritchard R (2002) Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conserv Ecol 6(1):14
Wasserman S, Faust K (1994) Social network analysis: methods and applications, vol 8. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Young OR, Berkhout F, Gallopin GC, Janssen MA, Ostrom E, van der Leeuw S (2006) The globalization of socio-ecological systems: an agenda for scientific research. Glob Environ Change 16(3):304–316
Yu Z, Rong Q (2008) A hypergraph model for clustering scale-free network. In: Paper presented at the control conference, 2008. CCC 2008. 27th Chinese
Zimmerer KS, Bassett TJ (2003) Political ecology: an integrative approach to geography and environment-development studies. Guilford Press, New York
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. MohammadReza Jooyandeh from Microsoft Canada Excellence Center and the anonymous reviewers for their comments and constructive suggestions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handled by Osamu Saito, United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), Japan.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nabavi, E., Daniell, K.A. Rediscovering social–ecological systems: taking inspiration from actor-networks. Sustain Sci 12, 621–629 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0386-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-016-0386-0